- https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4512-988Xedit
Along with portraits of historical figures, images relating to the culture and history of a particular nation, the presence (or absence) of languages on banknotes is also an element of symbolic politics and part of the manifestation of... more
Along with portraits of historical figures, images relating to the culture and history of a particular nation, the presence (or absence) of languages on banknotes is also an element of symbolic politics and part of the manifestation of the language policy of a particular state. In this paper, banknotes are seen as an element of the linguistic landscape, and the linguistic landscape – as a reflection of language policy, its peculiar public expression. This paper analyses the way in which the text displayed on multilingual banknotes constructs and reproduces linguistic hierarchies, reflecting the relative status of the languages within two multi-ethnic states: the Czechoslovak Republic and the Soviet Union. The study explores which languages were represented in the inscriptions of the various series of banknotes issued, based on the assumption that banknotes participate in the official language practices constituting the linguistic landscape and as such mediate language ideologies. Th...
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The official names and titles in the whole or in certain parts of Transcarpathia seen as a historical-geographical region,1 have often been adjusted to those used in Budapest, Prague or Kiev, which in itself tells us a lot about the... more
The official names and titles in the whole or in certain parts of Transcarpathia seen as a historical-geographical region,1 have often been adjusted to those used in Budapest, Prague or Kiev, which in itself tells us a lot about the nature of the different periods and systems. People who were living there always had to get integrated into the new system while each of the new regimes without exception incorporated or liquidated subsystems formed in the previous period. Language has always had a key role in the self-identification of nation states and individuals – as well as in the peculiar formations of regional and ethnical identity. Each regime has paid special attention to language policy, they have tried to arrange the relations between languages used in Transcarpathia in order to meet their own social, economic, cultural and political interests, so that they can have influence upon the national and linguistic identity and civic loyalty of the inhabitants. This is quite general ...
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A pluricentric language is a language that is used in at least two countries where it has the official status of a state, commonwealth or regional language with at least partially its own (codified) norms that usually contribute to the... more
A pluricentric language is a language that is used in at least two countries where it has the official status of a state, commonwealth or regional language with at least partially its own (codified) norms that usually contribute to the personal identity of speakers. Pluricentric languages have one dominant variant and (one or) several non-dominant varieties. As a result of the political fragmentation of the Hungarian language area that developed after the First World War, and then, confirmed by the peace treaties after the Second World War, the Hungarian language is one of the pluricentric languages in Europe. The article examines the results of close linguistic contacts in non-dominant varieties of the modern Hungarian language used outside Hungary. The consequences of language contacts are highlighted on the basis of lexical borrowings, which are fixed in a specific online dictionary. The dictionary consists of borrowed words of foreign origin used by autochthonous Hungarian minor...
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Using the historical-structural method, the article outlines the linguistic processes of the Transcarpathian region during the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. For a long time in Europe, the national language and its codified dialect were not a... more
Using the historical-structural method, the article outlines the linguistic processes of the Transcarpathian region during the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. For a long time in Europe, the national language and its codified dialect were not a defining element of people’s identification, much more important was, for example, religious affiliation. However, when language became the most important symbol of national identity, the international language ideology was replaced by vernacularization and the ideology of linguistic nationalism, and then local national languages came to the fore. In Hungary, as part of this long process, Latin and German were gradually replaced by Hungarian in those spheres of public life that were under the direct influence of the state (for example, administrative management and education). A sharp conflict between the Hungarian state and the minorities did not arise until the central government wanted to extend the scope of the use of the Hungarian language to ...
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Language as labyrinth of ethnopolitical relations in Carpathian Ruthenia. The language question has always played a key role in national and individual self-identification and in the development of specifics of regional and ethnic... more
Language as labyrinth of ethnopolitical relations in Carpathian Ruthenia. The language question has always played a key role in national and individual self-identification and in the development of specifics of regional and ethnic identities. Each state authority paid particular attention to linguistic policy: each of them tried to organize the interrelationships between the different languages used in the Carpathian region to suit their social, economic, cultural and political needs in order to influence national and linguistic identity, the civic loyalty of the population in the region. In our study we will highlight the ethno-political and state-political goals of the Czechoslovak state in this region during the inter-war period, respectively, how these linguistic and political decisions influenced the mutual relationship of majority and minority communities and their relationship with the region and state.
Language as labyrinth of ethnopolitical relations in Carpathian Ruthenia. The language question has always played a key role in national and individual self-identification and in the development of specifics of regional and ethnic... more
Language as labyrinth of ethnopolitical relations in Carpathian Ruthenia. The language question has always played a key role in national and individual self-identification and in the development of specifics of regional and ethnic identities. Each state authority paid particular attention to linguistic policy: each of them tried to organize the interrelationships between the different languages used in the Carpathian region to suit their social, economic, cultural and political needs in order to influence national and linguistic identity, the civic loyalty of the population in the region. In our study we will highlight the ethno-political and state-political goals of the Czechoslovak state in this region during the inter-war period, respectively, how these linguistic and political decisions influenced the mutual relationship of majority and minority communities and their relationship with the region and state.
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Most Linguistic Landscape (LL) studies nowadays incorporate additional components such as images, photos, graffiti, clothes, as well as people who are immersed and absorbed in spaces by interacting with LL in different ways. This article... more
Most Linguistic Landscape (LL) studies nowadays incorporate additional components such as images, photos, graffiti, clothes, as well as people who are immersed and absorbed in spaces by interacting with LL in different ways. This article demonstrates through Transcarpathian examples that language, when it is situated in public spaces needs to be interpreted in broad terms: the richness of the public space draws attention to a broad list of components that interactively participate in public spaces. These components, in addition to written texts in multiple languages, also incorporate components such as economic situation and people. These components are not static but rather form part of other layers that interact in public spaces. This makes LL vital, energetic, constantly evolving, dynamic and anchored in a political, social, and economic framework.
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Most Linguistic Landscape (LL) studies nowadays incorporate additional components such as images, photos, graffiti, clothes, as well as people who are immersed and absorbed in spaces by interacting with LL in different ways. This article... more
Most Linguistic Landscape (LL) studies nowadays incorporate additional components such as images, photos, graffiti, clothes, as well as people who are immersed and absorbed in spaces by interacting with LL in different ways. This article demonstrates through Transcarpathian examples that language, when it is situated in public spaces needs to be interpreted in broad terms: the richness of the public space draws attention to a broad list of components that interactively participate in public spaces. These components, in addition to written texts in multiple languages, also incorporate components such as economic situation and people. These components are not static but rather form part of other layers that interact in public spaces. This makes LL vital, energetic, constantly evolving, dynamic and anchored in a political, social, and economic framework.
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During the twentieth century the region of Subcarpathia belonged to several different states: the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Czechoslovakia, the independent Carpatho-Ukraine, the Hungarian Kingdom, the Soviet Union and finally to Ukraine.... more
During the twentieth century the region of Subcarpathia belonged to several different states: the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, Czechoslovakia, the independent Carpatho-Ukraine, the Hungarian Kingdom, the Soviet Union and finally to Ukraine. Today it borders four member states of the European Union (Poland, the Slovak Republic, Hungary and Romania), and due to its history several ethnicities and languages, religions and cultures live side by side in this region. However, as a consequence of the different language and minority policies in Subcarpathia, we cannot find a common language that everybody knows regardless of age, gender, education, religion or place of residence. The lack of a lingua franca makes dialogue between ethnicities difficult, sometimes even impossible. In this article we outline the main features of the regional, minority and language policies of the different states that existed at the various historical stages. We believe that the in-depth analysis of the history of this region can help find a model that could be useful not only in the region but also in the wider context of similarly multinational, linguistically diverse, culturally colorful territories in the Carpathian Basin and states in East-Central Europe.