:Standard precautions include all of the following EXCEPT )1( .

.a. Good waste-disposal practices

.b. Preventing injuries with sharps

.c. Good record-keeping practices

.d. Hand hygiene

Number of chromosomes in bacteria is)2( .10

a. single

b. Five

c. None of these

d. Two

Which of the following is an important defence against viruses before they enter )3( .10
:their target cells

a. T cytotoxic cell

b. interferon

c. Antibodies

d. Natural killer cell

The main mechanism of specific immunity against established viral infections )4( .11

a. Type I interferon

b. Killing of infected cell by T cytotoxic cell

c. Killing of infected cell by T helper cell

d. Killing of infected cell by natural killer cell

Which of the following is a character of primary Immune response )5( .11

a. The immune response is stronger and faster than 2ry immune response

b. Abs start to appear in serum after 7-10 days

c. The Ab secretion in primary immune response is more than Ab secretion in secondary

immune response

d. The antibody formed is of IgG type

Th17 cells secreting IL-17 and IL-22 are predominant cells in )6( .12

a. Allergic diseases

b. Viral hepatitis

c. Brain abscess

d. Auto inflammatory disorders

:The reasons for wearing gloves in hospitals include all the following EXCEPT )7( .12

.a. To prevent contamination of the hands when touching blood and other body fluids

.b. To reduce transmission of micro-organisms from medical personnel to patients

.c. To replace hand washing

.d. To reduce transmission of microorganisms between patients

IgE is the immunoglobulin which is mediator in)8( .13

a. Cytolytic type of hypersensitivity

b. Anaphylactic type of hypersensitivity

c. Delayed type of hypersensitivity

d. Immune complex type of hypersensitivity

:Sex pili formation is a function of)9( .13

.a. Ribosomes

.b. Col factor plasmid

.c. Chromosome

.d. Fertility F Plasmid

Production of RNA from DNA is called)10( .14

a. Transcription

b. Translation

c. RNA splicing

d. Transposition
Which of the following personal protective barriers is most important to be worn )11( .14
?during manual processing or cleaning of surgical instruments

.a. Mask

.b. Gown

.c. Overshoes

.d. Apron

Mutation in which the resulting base triplet (codon) codes for the sane amino acid )12( .15

a. Silent mutation

b. Miss sense mutation

c. Frame shift mutation

d. Point mutation

Which of the following is primary lymphoid organ )13( .15

a. Thymus gland

b. Thyroid gland

c. Tonsils

d. Mucosa associated lymphatic tissue

:to reduce the risk of infection and injury)14( .16

a. Dispose of shaip objects along with medical waste, such as used bandages and gauze in
.red bags

.b. Use one handed technique when recap used needles

c. Recap all needles immediately after use by holding the needle still in one hand and
.carefully placing the cap over the needle with the other hand

.d. Bend needle before disposal

Which of the following is a character of prokaryotic cell )15( .16

a. Replicates by mitosis

b. Has a single chromosome

c. Contains nucleus and nuclear membrane

d. Contains 80s ribosomes

Retroviruses can made a negative sense ssDNA from a positive ssRNA using their )16( .17

a. Reverse transcriptase

b. RNA polymerase

c. nuclease

d. DNA polymerase

Which of the following bacteria is cell wall deficient )17( .17

a. Klebsiella

b. Mycoplasma

c. Staphylococcus aureus

d. E coli

Regarding local viral infection which of the following is TRUE )18( .18

a. usually associated with viraemia

b. IgM is the main immunoglobulin

c. measles virus is an example

d. has a short duration immunity

:To prepare surgical and medical instruments and equipment for use, you should )19( .18

.a. Always clean then disinfect them, using high-level disinfection

.b. Always sterilize them

.c. Reprocess depending on how they will be used

.d. It is enough to clean critical heal sensitive patient care item with soap and water

:Proper disposal of medical waste)20( .19

.a. All of the above

.b. Reduces the number of infects around a facility

.c. Reduces the risk of injury

.d. Minimizes the spread of infections

The antigen binding groove in MHC class I is formed of )21( .19

a. α 1 β 2 microglobulin

b. α 1 β 1

c. α 2 α 3

d. α 1 α 2

Standard precautions are recommended for the handling of all the following )22( .2
:EXCEPT

.a. Urine

.b. Saliva

.c. Intact skin

.d. Blood

All the following cells are Ag presenting cells except )23( .20

a. B lymphocytes

b. Macrophages

c. Dendritic cells

d. NK cells

:Proper disposal of used needles includes one of the following )24( .20

a. Always breaking or bending the needle before disposal

.b. Placing needles and syringes in red bags

.c. Placing needle and attached syringe in a puncture resistant container

.d. Carefully removing the needle from syringe

:The bacterial replication is a...... method )25( .21

a. Conservative

.b. semi-conservative

.c. none of the above

d. non-conservative
The virus remains dormant and may flare up intermittently is called )26( .21

a. Latent infection

b. Persistent infection

c. Slow infection

d. Subclinical infection

Degeneracy means that the amino acid is encoded by....(27) .22

.a. none of the above

.b. single anti-codon

.c. single codon

.d. multiple codons

When progeny genome of one virus become surrounded by capsid belonging to )28( .22
the other virus is called

a. Recombination

b. Polyploidy

c. Phenotypic mixing

d. Complementation

Cell mediated immunity is carried out by ….….. While humoral immunity is carried )29( .23
..………… out by

a. Complement \ langerhans cells

b. B cell \ T cell

c. T cell \ B cell

d. Ab \ phagocytes

:Standard precautions are/must be)30( .23

a. Used when dealing with spillages of blood or bodily fluids

b. Only applicable if the patient has a blood borne virus infection

c. Applied to all patients all of the time

d. To be used when caring for patients with MRSA

In transition is)31( .24

.a. None of the above

.b. pyrimidine is replaced with purine

.c. purine is replaced with purine

.d. purine is replaced with pyrimidine

Feedback

.The correct answer is: purine is replaced with purine

Which of the following immune cells/ molecules are most effective at destroying )32( .24
?intracellular pathogens

a. B cells

b. TC cells

c. Antibodies

d. TH cells

Allergy to penicillin is an example of)33( .25

a. All of the above

b. Type I hypersensitivity

c. Type III hypersensitivity

d. Type II hypersensitivity

Frame shift mutation results from)34( .25

.a. small deletion

.b. transition

.c. none of the above

.d. tranversion

amantadine and rimantadine are antiviral drugs used in treatment of influenza A )35( .26
act through

a. inhibition of protein synthesis

b. inhibition of virus uncoating

c. inhibition of DNA polymerase

d. inhibition of reverse transcriptase

Infections are MOST commonly spread in health care settings by the following )36( .26
:mode of transmission

.a. Contact

.b. Vector borne

.c. Common vehicle

.d. Airborne

:All the following agents are used for hand antisepsis EXCEPT )37( .27

.a. Glutaraldehyde

.b. Isopropyl alcohol

.c. Chlorhexidine

d. Ethyl alcohol

Ribavirin is an antiviral drug that act through )38( .27

a. inhibition of mRNA synthesis

b. inhibition virus entry

c. interference with release of virus from infected cell

d. inhibition of protease enzyme

All the following are considered adaptive immunity except )39( .28

a. Cell mediated immunity

b. Humoral immune response

c. Skin and mucous membranes

d. None of the above

Oseltamivir and Zanamivir are antiviral drugs used in treatment of influenza A and )40( .28
B as they are

a. nucleoside analogues

b. protease inhibitors

c. fusion inhibitors

d. neuraminidase inhibitors
Autoclaving …(41) .29

.a. is heating at 100°C for 30 min

.b. is heating at 63°C for 30 min

.c. is used for sterilization of vaccines

.d. is heating at > 100°C

Fungi that have two forms of growth are called )42( .29

a. Dimorphic

b. Hyphae

c. Yeast

d. Moulds

Enveloped viruses are destroyed by)43( .3

a. Lyophilization

b. Ether

c. Glycerol 50%

d. Low temperature

Which is the preferred method for decontamination of hands soiled with blood in a )44( .3
?healthcare setting

a. Alcohol-based hand rubs

b. Plain soap and water

.c. Antiseptic soap and water

d. Bar of soap and water

Concerning Aspergillus)45( .30

a. Classified as a protozoan

b. All of the above

c. Affects superficial layer of the skin

d. May cause mycotoxicosis

PCR means that the genes are............(46) .30

.a. detected after amplification

b. is cleaved by nuclease enzyme

.c. detected directly by DNA probe

.d. none of the above

process by which an article, surface or medium is freed of all living )47( .31
microorganisms in the vegetative and the spore state is called

a. Disinfection

b. Sterilization

c. Both of them

d. None of them

Transposon play important role the development of................(48) .31

a. drug sensitivity

b. single drug resistance

.c. multiple drugs resistance

.d. None of the above

Organ transplantation between a genetically different individuals of the same )49( .32
:species is

a. Autograft

b. Xenograft

c. Allograft

d. Isograft

The bacteriophage that can be used in Transduction is )50( .32

.a. single stranded RNA phage

.b. single stranded DNA phage

c. double stranded RNA phage

d. double stranded DNA phage

F+ bacterium)51( .33

.a. is sensitive to female specific phage

.b. have a surface F pillus

.c. none of the above

.d. unable to conjugate with other bacteria

An immunosuppressive drug that prevents graft rejection through inhibition of )52( .34
:cytokine production is

a. Penicillin

b. Methotrexate

c. Corticosteroids

d. Cyclosporine

: Sterilization by moist heating below 100 C includes )53( .34

a. Pasteurization of milk

b. hot air oven

c. autoclaving

d. boiling

:Leucocyte adhesion deficiency is a defect in)54( .35

a. All of the above

b. intracellular killing inside macrophages

c. Leucocytes engulfment

d. Leucocytes migration

Defect in intracellular killing in phagocytes is associated with )55( .36

a. Hereditary angioedema

b. Leucocytes adhesion deficiency

c. Chronic granulomatous disease

d. Transient hypogammaglobulinaemia of infancy

Reverse transcriptase is …(56) .36

.a. DNA dependent RNA polymerase

.b. DNA dependent DNA polymerase

.c. RNA dependent RNA polymerase

.d. RNA dependent DAN polymerase

Reverse transcriptase enzyme is present in …(57) .37

.a. double stranded RNA viruses

.b. single stranded DNA viruses

.c. single stranded RNA retroviruses

.d. double stranded DNA viruses

.The double stranded RNA viruses use … for their replication )58( .38

.a. cellular DNA dependent RNA polymerase

.b. cellular RNA dependent RNA polymerase

.c. cellular RNA dependent DNA polymerase

.d. their own RNA dependent RNA polymerase

The leading cause of secondary immunodeficiency in the world is )59( .39

a. Cytotoxic drugs

b. Tuberculosis

c. HIV

d. Malnutrition

The most important non-specific immune response to viral infection is )60( .4

a. Macrophages

b. Mast cells

c. Natural killer cells

d. Antibody production
the following immunoglobulin is detected in recent infection )61( .40

a. IgE

b. IgD

c. IgG

d. IgM

Which of the following cells are considered as an orchestrator of immune system )62( .42

a. CD4 cells

b. CD8 cells

c. B cells

d. NK cells

:the preferred vaccine for diphtheria consists of)63( .44

a. live attenuated C. diphtheria

b. Capsular polysaccharide

c. heat killed C. diphtheria

d. alum-precipitated toxoid

Which of the following substances will not stimulate an immune response unless )64( .46
?they are bound to a larger molecule

a. Antigen

b. Antibody

c. Hapten

d. Virus

The cellular immune response is mediated by )65( .48

a. Endothelial cells

b. T cell

c. B cells

d. NK cella
Most RNA viruses have)66( .5

a. Helical symmetry

b. Cubic symmetry

c. Isomeric symmetry

d. Icosahedral symmetry

Which of the following is characteristic to adaptive Immunity )67( .5

a. Cannot discriminate self and non-self-Antigens

b. Specificity and memory

c. Non-specific and fast action

d. Phagocytes are the predominant cells

Interferons)68( .51

.a. Only affect infected cells

.b. Are divided into 5 main families

.c. Are specific for individual viruses

.d. Are found only in mammalian species

:The classic complement pathway is initiated by interaction of C1 with )69( .53

a. Antigen

.b. Factor b

c. Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide

d. Antigen-antibody complex

:Natural killer (NK) cells are characterized by the following EXCEPT )70( .55

.a. Are large granular lymphocytes

b. The require antigen presentation by MHC

c. They function mainly in innate immunity

.d. They have spontaneous non-specific cytotoxic activity on target cells

All the following complement component are required in the alternative pathway )71( .57
:except

a. C8, C9

.b. C5, C6. C7

.c. C1, C2, C4

.d. Properdin

:As regard biological activity of IgG all of the following are true, except )72( .59

.a. It is the major antibody in the secondary immune response

.b. It cannot fix and activate complement

.c. It is the only antibody that can cross the placenta

.d. Its half-life is the longest of all immunoglobulins

Poxviruses have)73( .6

a. Icosahedral symmetry

b. Complex symmetry

c. Helical symmetry

d. Cubic symmetry

Neutrophils are attracted to an infected area by)74( .60

a. Class II MHC Antigen

b. Chemotactic factors

c. IgM

d. Aggregation of C4 and C2

The antigen binding site of immunoglobulin is formed by )75( .62

a. The hyper-variable regions of H and L chains

b. The variable regions of L chain

c. The variable regions of H chain

d. The constant region of H and L chain

:B and T cells are produced by stem cells that are formed in )76( .64

a. The spleen

b. The liver

c. The circulatory system

d. Bone marrow

?Which of the following provides long term immunity )77( .66

a. Artificially acquired passive immunity

b. None of the above

c. Artificially acquired active immunity

d. Naturally acquired passive immunity

The Fc region mediates all of the below EXCEPT binding to)78( .68

.a. Various cells of the immune system

.b. Antigen

.c. Lysosomes

.d. Some phagocytic cells

:Alcohol-based hand rinse SHOULD NOT be used )79( .7

.a. If fingernails are chipped

.b. Prior to patient contact

.c. If the patient has a respiratory infection

.d. If hands are visibly dirty

Immunity to viruses is)80( .7

a. Non-specific only

b. None of the above

c. Both specific and non-specific

d. Specific only
Which of the following immunoglobulins can protect the newborn during the first )81( .71
?months of life

a. IgE

b. IgG

c. IgA

d. IgM

:An immediate rejection of transplanted tissue is )82( .73

a. Chronic reaction

b. Acute reaction

c. Hyperacute reaction

d. Accelerated reaction

:A method of preventing the rejection of grafts in the future)83( .75

a. Immunocompromization

b. Immunomodulation

c. GVHD

d. Immunotolerance

:The MHC complex is located in the)84( .77

a. Short arm of the X chromosome

b. Short arm of the # 6 chromosome

c. Long arm of the # 6 chromosome

d. Long arm of the X chromosome

Primary hereditary immune deficiency with both humoral and cell mediated )85( .79
:immunity

a. SCID

b. Chronic granulomatous disease

c. AIDS

d. DiGeorge syndrome
Which of the following is not included in innate immunity )86( .8

a. Phagocytosis

b. Antibodies

c. C-reactive protein

d. Complement system

:Chronic granulomatous disease is due to defect in )87( .80

a. Adhesion molecules

b. Intracellular killing inside phagocytes

c. immunoglobulin production

d. Complement

:Deficiency of NK cell is associated with)88( .82

a. Failure to thrive

b. Viral infections and malignancies

c. Pyogenic infections

d. Recurrent infection with capsulated bacteria

Hand washing with plain water and soap is indicated in all the following conditions )89( .9
:EXCEPT

.a. Before and after touching wounds

.b. Before surgical operation

.c. Before performing invasive procedures

d. after nursing the patient

which of the following type of ribosomes are present in bacteria )90( .9

a. 70s

b. Both of them

c. 80s

d. None of them
Regarding viruses which of the following is true )91(

a. They are obligatory extracellular parasites

b. The cannot pass through bacterial filter

c. They contain both types of nucleic acid

d. They are not susceptible to antibiotics