XVII century

Una de las medidas anticorrupción más extendidas por la América española fue el juicio de residencia. Pero pasada la mitad del siglo XVII, este método comenzó a demostrarse ineficaz para los magistrados de la Audiencia de Lima. Los togados con experiencia actuaron sin tener muy en cuenta las leyes que para su comportamiento dictó el Consejo de Indias y encontraron pocos obstáculos para ello. Sin embargo, cuando en el juicio de residencia se preguntaba a los testigos por estos actos, pocas veces se obtenían respuestas incriminatorias. Tomando como ejemplo a tres oidores, analizaremos sus carreras y las declaraciones que sobre su trayectoria realizaron los citados antes el juez de residencia. PALABRAS CLAVE: juicio de residencia; Audiencia de Lima; oidores; siglo XVII; testigos; interrogatorios.

The subject of this thesis is the characteristic features of the 17th-century French lute style defined by the term style brisé. In the first part of the paper the author refers to the state of research on 17th-century French lute music and recalls the definitions of style brisé formulated by leading scholars of French baroque music. In the next part she presents the development of this style and at the same time describes the context of 17th century French music, regarding tablature notation, the history of lute tunning and discussing the works of the most important composers and genres of lute music. The last element of the work is the characterisation of the lute manuscript from the University Library in Poznań and the analysis of selected attributed and anonymous compositions from the perspective of their brisé style features. Thesis was written under supervision of prof. UAM dr hab. Magdalena Walter-Mazur.

Przedmiotem pracy są charakterystyczne cechy XVII-wiecznego francuskiego stylu lutniowego określane terminem style brisé. W pierwszej części pracy autorka referuje stan badań nad francuską muzyką lutniową XVII wieku oraz przywołuje definicje style brisé sformułowane przez czołowych badaczy barokowej muzyki francuskiej. W kolejnej części przedstawia rozwój tego stylu, a zarazem opisuje kontekst XVII-wiecznej muzyki francuskiej, poruszając kwestie zapisu tabulaturowego, historii stroju lutniowego oraz omawiając twórczość najważniejszych kompozytorów i gatunki muzyki lutniowej. Ostatnim elementem pracy jest charakterystyka tytułowego rękopisu lutniowego z Biblioteki Uniwersyteckiej w Poznaniu oraz analiza wybranych zachowanych w nim kompozycji atrybuowanych i anonimowych pod kątem występowania w nich cech style brisé. Praca została napisana pod kierunkiem prof. UAM dr hab. Magdalena Walter-Mazur.

Resumen
El presente estudio, parte como consecuencia de la aportación que realizamos para el XII Congreso virtual sobre las mujeres, donde tratamos el tema de la relación de la heráldica, la mujer y la hidalguía a lo largo de la 1 historia. En aquel trabajo, relacionado con la temática del Congreso, dimos a conocer los métodos para la obtención de la denominada hidalguía "de bragueta", nada acorde con el principio que inspiraba a la nobleza menor, pues aunque llamados hidalgos, no se les podía considerar como a auténticos hijosdalgo notorios, de sangre, de devengar 500 sueldos a Fuero de España, de casa y solar conocido, de ejecutoria …, por las razones que apuntamos, pero para el caso que nos ocupa, el ubetense Fernán Crespo Villanueva, aplicó en su favor de forma flagrante algunas de las prerrogativas y beneficios de este estamento nobiliario, que en ningún caso le correspondían, como el uso de escudo de armas, al no ser un verdadero hidalgo, y por lo tanto, carecer de las concesiones, privilegios y prebendas que poseían por nacimiento los auténticos hijosdalgo de sangre o de ejecutoria ganada ante la Real Chancillería de Granada.
Abstract
The present study is a consequence of the contribution we made to the XII Virtual Congress on Women,
where we dealt with the relationship between heraldry, women and nobility throughout history.
In that work, related to the theme of the Congress, we made known the methods for obtaining the so-called “bragueta” nobility, not at all in accordance with the principle that inspired the minor nobility, because although they were called hidalgos, they could not be considered as authentic notorious noble sons, of blood, of earning 500 sueldos a
Fuero de España, of a known house and plot of land, of executorship..., for reasons we pointed out. For the reasonsmentioned above, but in the case in question, Fernán Crespo Villanueva, from Úbeda, flagrantly applied in his favour some of the prerogatives and benefits of this noble estate, which in no case corresponded to him, such as the use of a coatof arms, as he was not a true hidalgo, and therefore lacked the concessions, privileges and perquisites that authentichijosdalgo by birth or by virtue of an executory won before the Royal Chancery of Granada possessed.

Abstract ·
Vicenza was a populous and wealthy city of the Republic of Venice. Victuals provisioning in it—as in all early modern cities—followed different patterns for different goods and in different times, in a flexible and pragmatic manner. In this chapter, three paradigmatic cases are considered: that of cheese, abundantly supplied by many different categories of sellers; that of meat and fish, more delicate foodstuffs both from the point of view of health safety and of the regularity of the supply; that of wheat, the most strategic foodstuff at the time. In all these cases, the negotiation between public authorities and the various categories provisioning the city emerges as a distinctive feature. To a certain extent, negotiation was also possible between Vicenza and Venice, even if available options were limited by the priority given to the needs of the capital city.

www.palgrave.com/it/book/9783030420635

RESUM: L'article posa en context una dotzena de vilancets catalans barrocs conservats en partitura o en text. Són vilancets còmics «de negre» —segons la terminologia de l'època—, protagonitzats per esclaus negres, molt freqüents des del segle xvi fins al segle xviii. Els vi lancets s'emmarquen dins les ocasions festives en què eren representats, s'aporta l'autoria de moltes lletres i se n'assenyalen els préstecs intertextuals necessaris per comprendre l'abast del fenomen. Finalment, s'hi apunten les raons del seu èxit sostingut al llarg de dos segles: la recreació d'uns personatges que suposen una «alteritat domesticada» molt útil a la Contrareforma i la vehiculació d'un humor d'arrel profana, que dona una sortida con trolable als excessos d'èpoques anteriors. Paraules clau: villancet ètnic, literatura i música, intertextualitat, barroc, Catalunya.

CATALAN "BLACK" VILLANCICOS OF THE 17th CENTURY

ABSTRACT: This paper puts in context a dozen Baroque Catalan villancicos preserved in scores or in lyrics. They are comic "black" villancicos-according to the terminology of the times-dealing with black slaves, and they were very common between the 16th and 18th centu ries. These villancicos are set within the framework of the festive occasions on which they were represented and the authorship of many of their lyrics was given. Lastly, we remark on the intertextual borrowings which must be known to understand the extent of the phe nomenon, pointing out the reasons for these pieces' sustained success for over two centuries.

Il Girello, DRAMMA BURLESCO PER MUSICA. Genesi, trama e considerazioni su un'Opera inedita. Il Girello è stato uno dei cinque titoli più eseguiti in Italia nella seconda metà del seicento (1). Dopo la prima romana del 1668 avvenuta in forma privata presso Palazzo Colonna, viene allestito fino al 1697 nei teatri pubblici di Macerata, Lucca, Milano, Siena, Livorno, Napoli, Bologna, Ferrara, Modena Firenze. Le ragioni di questo incredibile successo sono da ricercare della nuova formula drammaturgica che già dal frontespizio, Dramma Burlesco per Musica, ci avverte della concomitanza dei registri Comico e Drammatico. Il Girello è di fatto una satira aperta ed esplicita al potere assoluto ed è sorprendente, anche in un'ottica moderna, che il titolo abbia trovato apprezzamento e sostegno dalla stesse classi sociali apertamente derise. Il Girello nasce in un contesto storico di grande fermento nel quale il melodramma, nato a Firenze (con L'Euridice di Peri del 1600) si irradia in tutta Europa a rispecchiare i nuovi assetti politici, filosofici ed artistici. I due artefici di questo gioiello di teatro musicale, furono Jacopo Melani per la musica e Filippo Acciaiuli per il Libretto. Jacopo Melani (Pistoia 1623-1676) fu protagonista di un'intensa stagione musicale che condivise con i fratelli Atto ed Alessandro. Avviato alla musica ed al canto dal padre Bartolomeo, campanaro del Duomo di Pistoia, si era già distinto per essere l'autore di vari intermezzi ed opere in ambito fiorentino-toscano, fra le quali Il Podestà di Colognole, che inaugura nel 1657 il Teatro della Pergola, e Ercole in Tebe, Festa Teatrale scritta per celebrare le fastose nozze di Cosimo III dei Medici e Margherita Luisa d'Orléans nel 1661. Atto (Pistoia 1626-Parigi 1714), grazie alle particolari doti vocali entrerà giovanissimo sotto la protezione di Mattias de Medici che lo invierà ad esibirsi in Francia. Conquistando i favori di Luigi XIV e del cardinale Mazzarino svolse un'intensa attività diplomatica testimoniata un voluminoso ed importantissimo epistolario (oggetto di recenti scoperte e casi letterari)(2). Alessandro (Pistoia 1639-Roma 1703) anch'egli cantante, fu autore di raffinata musica religiosa e soprattutto dell'Empio Punito, primo esempio di intonazione musicale dello schema drammaturgico che darà forma al Don Giovanni. Figura poliedrica proveniente dalla nobiltà fiorentina, Filippo Acciaiuoli (Roma 1637-1700) è fautore di una nuova concezione del teatro non solo musicale. Fu librettista fra l'altro del già citato Empio Punito e di molte altre opere allestite a Venezia, Firenze e Roma. Ritroviamo nella sua drammaturgia la dimensioni morale, di derivazione gesuitica (studiò presso il Collegio Romano), e fantastica che maturò grazie ai lunghi viaggi in Africa, sud America ed oriente.

The news of the surrender of Barcelona and the subsequent end of the war in Catalonia reached Naples in a unique political and social context. The viceroy at the time, the Count of Oñate, energetically approached the task of restoring normality in a kingdom that was disrupted by the revolt from 1647-1648, and in doing so he found himself in conflict with various figures, in particular the Cardinal and Archbishop of Naples, Ascanio Filomarino. On the other hand, the connections between the kingdom and Catalonia had been assiduous in the previous years, and a unique personality like Alexandre Ros i Gomar, Catalan but sided with the loyalists, had lived in Naples. This paper proposes an analysis of how the news of the end of the siege of Barcelona had political repercussions on the Neapolitan political scene, on the conflict in course between viceroy and archbishop and more generally, on the debate surrounding the responsibility of the revolt of 1647-1648, destined to last in the years that followed.

El presente trabajo reúne los principales aportes de los estudios visuales al
estudio de la cartografía, así como sus relaciones con la cartografía crítica y los estudios coloniales. A partir de una crítica al método harliano, se destacan las posibilidades de emplear una metodología híbrida en el estudio de estos documentos, que incorpore sus aspectos visuales y textuales. Mediante el análisis de un plano de la gobernación del Paraguay de mediados del siglo xvii, se busca hacer una aproximación a estos documentos que pueda dar cuenta no solo de su contenido textual o visual, sino del régimen de visibilidad colonial del que formaron parte y del lugar que este régimen asignó a grupos indígenas y no indígenas.

“Pietro Vecchia - La Moneta del Tributo. Pèriplo pittorico attraverso fisionomie alchemiche & iconografie sperimentali”, è un viaggio volto alla scoperta degli aspetti più intriganti e meno noti del Vecchia, padre pittorico di una cospicua serie di gemelli eterozigoti, tra cui annoveriamo l’opera inedita oggetto del presente saggio.

Рассматривается эффективность исторической реконструкции оборонительных сооружений средневековой Руси с помощью графических приложений. В четвертой части работы представлены результаты компьютерного моделирования Воскресенской острожной церкви и воеводского двора, реализованные в рамках предложенной авторами методики онтологической репликации.
The article focuses on the effectiveness  of  historical  reconstruction  of  the  medieval  Russia  defensive  structures made by graphical applications. The fourth part of the paper presents the results of computer modeling  of  the  Resurrection  prison  church  and  the  voivodship  courtyard  carried  out  within  the  framework of the ontological replication method proposed by the authors.

In questo scritto parliamo di due gesuiti al servizio della corte sabauda, Emanuele Tesauro e Pierre Monod, che si scontrarono in una disputa sul segno zodiacale di Ottaviano Augusto. Tesauro diceva Vergine e Monod diceva Capricorno. Se guardiamo ai recenti studi sul tema, aveva ragione Monod. Il suo approccio basato sugli autori antichi, di cui fornisce ricca documentazione, e sugli studi a lui noti è molto interessante per chi vuol completare la panoramica sull'argomento. Monod usa anche le immagini sulle monete per avvalorare il Capricorno come ascendente di Augusto e questo lo rende un Paul Zanker del XVII secolo, alla ricerca del potere delle immagini usate dall'imperatore romano.

Рассматривается эффективность исторической реконструкции оборонительных сооружений средневековой Руси с помощью графических приложений. В третьей части работы представлены результаты компьютерного моделирования  проездных башен острога, реализованные в рамках предложенной авторами методики онтологической репликации.
The  effectiveness  of  historical  reconstruction  of  the  medieval  Russia  fortifications  through  graphical  applications is considered. The third part of the paper presents the results of the fort gate towers com-puter  simulation  implemented  within  the  ontological  replication  methodology  proposed  by  the  au-thors.

RESUMEN
El presente estudio se centra en uno de los factores esenciales de la política internacional de la Monarquía Hispánica en el Mediterráneo durante el reinado de Carlos II: la política expansionista de Luis XIV. La Monarquía Hispánica intentó mantener la presencia española en Italia frente a las tentativas de Luis XIV con el fin de evitar su alianza con la Santa Sede y los potentados italianos. De este modo, se analizarán las negociaciones que los embajadores españoles llevaron a cabo con el Papado para acordar una Liga de Italia contra el rey francés.

ABSTRACT This study is focused on one of the most important factors of the international policy of the Hispanic Monarchy in the Mediterranean during the reign of Charles II: the expansionist policy of Louis XIV. The Hispanic Monarchy attempted to maintain the Spanish presence in Italy during Louis XIV's expansionist undertakings with a view to preventing his alliance with the Holy See and the Italian Kingdoms. Thus, we will analyse the negotiations between Spanish ambassadors and the Papacy aimed at creating a League of Italy in opposition to the King of France.

Serdiuki's infantry regiments were the basis of the hired troops of the right-and left-bank hetmans of the second half-the end of the 17th century, and played an important role in their military and political history in Ruina's period. Among many other issues related to their early history, researchers are still debating the origin of the name "serdiuk". Historiography has suggested that the word comes from the "angry" attitude of the soldiers, or their faithful, "cordial" service to the hetmans, or the name of Colonel Serden'. The context of references to serdiuks in the sources of the 60-70's of the 17th c. testifies that formations with this name were distributed both in the army of Hetman Petro Doroshenko and in the Crown troops. Thus, the term itself meant a community of "okhotnyky" (volunteers) from the free-lancers of the Right Bank of the Dnieper region who were recruited for hired service. Its etymology is most likely derived from the Turkish word "serden-geçti", which indicated the volunteer formation of the Janissary corps in the Ottoman army. The Serden-geçti were volunteers who participated in especially dangerous military operations for high pay and career promotions. The system of recruitment of these formations ("serden-geçtiler") could serve as a model for the organization of mercenary service in the army of Petro Doroshenko, and hence give them the name "serdiuki".

The small-scale image of the Virgin Mary that is known and venerated to this day under the name of “the Virgin of Socorro” [the Virgin of the Helpless] in Santiago (Chile) is also held to be the very first pious image to have landed on this pe-ripheral colonial city. From early on, it inspired a number of legends highlighting its alleged miraculous character, its role in the Foundation of Santiago and the first steps of the Franciscan Friars in the city. This paper delves into the key-paradoxes surrounding the image’s supernatural origins and very common upon sacred Christian images: on the one hand, it was offered as a gift to reward the miraculous intervention of the Virgin Mary in the midst of a battle against the Indi-ans; on the other, some sources suggest that the image itself performed the supernatural feat. The image concentrates a host of key-features that are discussed below: (i) it helped shape a new imagery that came to define the Christian practice in these regions; (ii) it exemplifies the gradual usurpation of an originally Mer- cedarian topic to the profit of the Franciscan Order; (iii) it summarized the triumph of the Christian faith over the native rebel populations of Chile’s central region; (iv) and it was also coopted as the preferred devotion by the political elites. The paper concludes by advancing a hypoth-esis about the image’s iconography, which may stem from the appropriation of an alien typology (Saint Mary Magdalene), due to the scarcity of pious images in these peripheral regions.

Au cours du XVIIe siècle, les ordres religieux féminins s’implantent massivement aux frontières de la catholicité, établissant autant de citadelles de prières face aux mondes protestants, ainsi que l’ont montré les travaux récents menés dans le cadre du projet ANR Lodocat. Espace dynamique sur le plan religieux, la « Dorsale catholique » est aussi le théâtre de luttes politiques et militaires incessantes. Des Pays-Bas méridionaux jusqu’en Franche-Comté, les communautés religieuses subissent de plein fouet les conflits armés, de la guerre de Trente Ans jusqu’à la guerre de Succession d’Autriche. Généralement établies à proximité des remparts, elles assistent impuissantes aux bombardements de leurs monastères. Quand elles doivent s’exiler pour trouver refuge en lieux sûrs, elles retrouvent généralement les lieux dévastés. De ces destructions et des reconstructions qui leur succèdent, les religieuses nous livrent de précieux témoignages au travers de leurs écrits (chroniques, annales ou récits de vie) permettant d’appréhender, sur le temps long, le quotidien de ces femmes en prise directe avec le monde qui les entoure.

The article attempts to answer the question of why King John III Sobieski (1674-1696) finally did not reach his main political goal and failed to create a new Polish royal dynasty despite his verbal and visual propaganda as well as diverse methods and means of this propaganda. The author tries to show that the reasons for his defeat did not depend only on the actions of John III as a propagandist but were deeply rooted in the specific political system of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (monarchia mixta, elected king), in the developed system of clientelism (with domination of mag-nates' courts as political and cultural centers under the Royal Court), in the poor condition of the state's economy as a consequence of wars with Sweden, Turkey and Russia, in the underdeveloped civilization in comparison to Western Europe (a low degree of urbanization and inefficient system of communication) and in the international political situation (interference of France, Empire and the papacy). At the same time, the author compares the royal propaganda of Sobieski to the propaganda of absolute monarchs like King of France Louis XIV, Emperor Leopold I and Elector of Brandenburg Frederick William.

Sabato 21 settembre alle ore 15,30 presso Biblioteca comunale "R. Bauer" di Pogno-Via Cremosina, 13 si terrà la presentazione di "Quaderni cusiani" nel quale compare il mio articolo
"Il fuoco acceso: famiglie e migrazione commerciale nella Riviera d’Orta in età moderna"

Apresenta-se a leitura completa e a contextualização arqueológica, histórica e urbanística do epigrama mandado gravar numa placa da desaparecida capela seiscentista dedicada a Nossa Senhora do Salmo, na cidade de Viseu, pelo seu proprietário, o cónego da catedral António Leitão. Da placa apenas se encontrara um fragmento; a consulta às Memórias Paroquiais de 1758 permitiu recuperar toda a legenda e contribuir, assim, para melhor se compreender a história e o urbanismo dessa zona antiga da cidade de Viseu.

On this essay is presented all the text of an inscription that a priest inserted in a temple built by him in the XVII century, at the town of Viseu, in the centre of Portugal.
Only a little fragment was discovered by the archaeologists, in 1999, and reading the notices wrote by local priest at 1758, we could recuperate all the text and, therefore, give a contribution to better know the history of the city in this time.

CHURCHES FOUNDED BY THE ROZDRAŻEWSKI FAMILY –
PROBLEMS OF STYLE AND THE MEANING OF FORM
Summary
The paper is a monograph of the churches founded by the Doliwita Rozdrażewski family, which make a significant percent of the total number of churches built in the region of Wielkopolska at the turn of the 17th century. Those churches, constructed under the supervision of Hieronim, Archbishop of Włocławek, and the Poznań Chamberlain Jan, have not been analyzed by scholars, and some of them have not been even mentioned in scholarly publications. The analysis presented in the paper allows one to consider the churches founded by the Rozdrażewski family in the context of the architecture of the region, Poland, and the neighboring countries. The features of the period, as well as a religious controversy among the family members, made it possible to approach a number of problems connected to contemporary artistic changes, such
as the so-called “gothic style around 1600,” relations between Protestant and Roman Catholic architecture, and claims about the purposeful “archaism” of the architecture of the period, emulating the Romanesque or the Gothic style. Responding to the research postulates formulated by other scholars, the author proposed a new term, “early modern Gothic,” coined to replace other, ambiguous terms referring to the architecture of those times. Moreover, he proposed an innovative way of interpreting Gothic architecture of the early modern period, based on following its transformations from the end of the Middle Ages till the turn of the 17th century, which results in a claim that Gothic architecture continued until then.

I Presìdi di Toscana, fondati da Filippo II nel 1557, rappresentavano un luogo di grande importanza logistica e strategica per il sistema commerciale e geopolitico spagnolo. Le grandi trasformazioni intercorse nel XVII e XVIII secolo e i conseguenti mutamenti nel quadro strategico spagnolo e mediterraneo, comportarono una lenta e inesorabile decadenza per questo piccolo spazio lontano tanto dalla capitale Madrid quanto dal viceregno di Napoli, sotto la cui supervisione venne posto. Internamente, però, nulla parve cambiare, con un sistema amministrativo, sociale ed economico pressoché identico a se stesso per oltre due secoli, nonostante i rivolgimenti politici. Le trasformazioni avvennero a partire dal 1737, con il passaggio ufficiale al regno di Napoli. Quel tempo che sembrava fermo accelerò improvvisamente, contribuendo ad accentuare la definitiva decadenza di questo piccolo spazio Mediterraneo. Quello che originariamente era uno spazio di grande importanza si ritrovò, dopo due secoli e mezzo, svuotato di ogni precedente significato.

Entre los pintores españoles que mayor repercusión y prestigio han tenido en la Historia del Arte se encuentra el sevillano Bartolomé Esteban Murillo (1617-1682). El presente volumen pretende analizar por vez primera los procesos de copia en relación a su obra desde una doble aproximación: por una parte, se abordará la importancia que el copiado de otros maestros tuvo en la génesis de su producción, revelándose más transcendental de lo que hasta ahora solía admitir la historiografía sobre el pintor; por otra, se analizará el conocido fenómeno del copiado al que las que las creaciones de Murillo fueron sometidas ya en su propia vida, el cual llega hasta la época contemporánea, contribuyendo al mejor conocimiento de la difusión internacional de su fama en países como Portugal, Brasil, Italia, Francia, Rusia  e incluso Australia.

Changing the value of money was used, from the first moment of the Restoration, as a means of financing war and monarchy. Absent in the Philip- pine period, when there was stability in the Portuguese monetary standard, the mutationist practice was seen as unwanted, dangerous, and immoral. Nevertheless, the needs of the time led the monarchy to delegate its monetary policy to the Con­selho da Fazenda (Treasury Council), where thinking about the currency was not only adequate to the needs of power games, but also adjusted to the new ideas, especially those originating from the so-called Salamanca School. Studying the first mutating initiatives (1640-42) allows us to understand how monetary practices evolved in Portugal to a policy of adjustment and resurgence of the national monetary system.

En este trabajo tratamos la figura de Jorge de Paz Silveira (1580-1647), hombre de negocios luso procedente de una familia en la que cristianos nuevos y viejos se entremezclaban, enmarcado dentro del mundo de los asientos de Felipe IV. Mediante el uso de sus redes sociales y económicas –compuestas en gran medida por judeoconversos–, de Paz Silveira participó de manera activa en la economía de la Corona del momento, sobre todo en las provisiones generales anuales, y logró una posición social encomiable gracias a sus servicios.

XV Reunión científica de la Fundación Española de Historia Moderna

In this article, the author analyses the activity
of colonial institutions in the Philippines during
the Spanish period with references to its ethnic
particularities. In this sense, the “Consultas y
resoluciones varias, teológicas, jurídicas, regulares
y morales” (1687) was an illustrative example of
work about the judicial and extrajudicial resolution
of conflicts in the Philippines under the Habsburgs.
In its pages reflects the academic and colonial
career of its author, named Juan de Paz. The
casuistry and the projection of Thomist thought
are two important characteristics of his juridical
dissertation. The purpose of this paper is the study
of the “Consultas” in regard to his legal, doctrinal
and social considerations about women.

El trabajo estudia el activo papel jugado por los dominicos en el fomento de la devoción al Nombre de Jesús en la diócesis cordobesa, alcanzando altas cotas de popularidad como lo prueban las numerosas cofradías erigida en honor de esa advocación. El fenómeno se analiza a través de la cofradía del Dulce Nombre de Jesús, fundada en el convento de San Pablo el Real de Córdoba, cuya etapa de auge y esplendor tiene lugar en el siglo XVII.