- Centre for Non-Traditional Security (NTS) Studies • S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore • Blk S4, Level B4, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
- (+65) 6790 4010
- University of Melbourne, School of Political and Social Sciences, Department Memberadd
- International Studies, Political Science, Southeast Asian Studies, ASEAN, Myanmar, Human Rights, and 18 moreHumanitarian Affairs, Comparative Politics, International Security, ASEAN Secretariat, Burma, Burma Studies, Humanitarianism, Southeast Asia, Democratization, Asian Studies, Democracy, Indonesia, Refugee Studies, Disaster Studies, International Regimes, Human Rights in Asia / ASEAN, International Relations, and Rohingya Muslimsedit
- I coordinate the humanitarian assistance and disaster relief programme and am a senior fellow at the S. Rajaratnam Sc... moreI coordinate the humanitarian assistance and disaster relief programme and am a senior fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. My primary research interests are in conflict management and resolution, non-traditional security issues, the political development of Myanmar, ASEAN and China-Southeast Asian relations.edit
- Provides a concise overview of existing debates, definitions and developments in the field of civilian protection - Combines both conceptual debate empirical evidence on pertinent civilian protection themes with wide-ranging, in-depth... more
- Provides a concise overview of existing debates, definitions and developments in the field of civilian protection
- Combines both conceptual debate empirical evidence on pertinent civilian protection themes with wide-ranging, in-depth country case studies from Asia and Africa.
- Includes a range of fresh perspectives and levels of analysis
- Introduces avenues for a new research agenda to deepen
There has been a significant consolidation of international norms to advance human protection objectives in current global politics. Yet, while civilian protection is at the heart of international humanitarian law and the United Nations global security agenda, armed conflicts today are increasingly fragmented. The current global security environment creates significant ethical and political complexities for the actors operating in this field to protect civilians. This volume interrogates the diversity of practices and the politics of civilian protection at the individual and community as well as the state, non-state, and the international community levels to conceptualize civilian protection in this complex environment.
The book comprises thematic chapters on humanitarian intervention, protection of populations of concern including refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs), and international diplomacy, which are enriched with six case studies from Asia and Africa. Combining conceptual debate with empirical evidence, the contributors describe the contexts in which interventions occur and the practical ways in which protection mechanisms have been implemented. This volume offers alternatives that can be adopted to improve and build upon current practices of civilian protection.
- Combines both conceptual debate empirical evidence on pertinent civilian protection themes with wide-ranging, in-depth country case studies from Asia and Africa.
- Includes a range of fresh perspectives and levels of analysis
- Introduces avenues for a new research agenda to deepen
There has been a significant consolidation of international norms to advance human protection objectives in current global politics. Yet, while civilian protection is at the heart of international humanitarian law and the United Nations global security agenda, armed conflicts today are increasingly fragmented. The current global security environment creates significant ethical and political complexities for the actors operating in this field to protect civilians. This volume interrogates the diversity of practices and the politics of civilian protection at the individual and community as well as the state, non-state, and the international community levels to conceptualize civilian protection in this complex environment.
The book comprises thematic chapters on humanitarian intervention, protection of populations of concern including refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs), and international diplomacy, which are enriched with six case studies from Asia and Africa. Combining conceptual debate with empirical evidence, the contributors describe the contexts in which interventions occur and the practical ways in which protection mechanisms have been implemented. This volume offers alternatives that can be adopted to improve and build upon current practices of civilian protection.
Research Interests: Violence, Security, Governance, Security Studies, Uganda, and 14 moreResponsibility to Protect, Justice, China, Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), China studies, Rwanda, Contemporary China, India, Libya, Darfur, Myanmar, Cote D'Ivoire, Rwandan Genocide, and Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict
How might HADR bolster or undermine Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) centrality within the regional security architecture? Is HADR essentially a site for competition or cooperation between civilian agencies and militaries in... more
How might HADR bolster or undermine Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) centrality within the regional security architecture? Is HADR essentially a site for competition or cooperation between civilian agencies and militaries in the Asia-Pacific? Through an understanding of polycentrism that conceptualises security in the Asia-Pacific as having multiple and overlapping frameworks, it becomes clear that both competition and cooperation coexist in the region through a web of security architectures and arrangements. This is particularly the case when considering humanitarian assistance and disaster relief as an area
of increasing activity by both state and non-state actors.
of increasing activity by both state and non-state actors.
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Over the past decade, Myanmar has undergone several changes in the way it is governed from a formalized military junta to a mixed civilian and military system. There remain, however, multiple challenges to the well-being of people in... more
Over the past decade, Myanmar has undergone several changes in the way it is governed from a formalized military junta to a mixed civilian and military system. There remain, however, multiple challenges to the well-being of people in Myanmar, and human insecurity disproportionately affects ethnic nationalities and minority groups. This chapter identifies three significant challenges to achieving human-centered governance in Myanmar: (1) trust-building with the military to cede power; (2) building bureaucratic capacity to fulfill election promises and establish the rule of law at the national and local levels; and (3) developing an effective political party system. As a result of these challenges, the prospects of a democratic system of government remain dim in the near term and addressing human insecurity will be incremental in nature.
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Recent reports of reforms in Myanmar have been overwhelmingly positive. However there remain some serious concerns around them. The current conflict in Kachin state is one significant challenge to reform and human security in Myanmar. In... more
Recent reports of reforms in Myanmar have been overwhelmingly positive. However there remain some serious concerns around them. The current conflict in Kachin state is one significant challenge to reform and human security in Myanmar. In June 2011 the 17 year ceasefire between the Kachin Independence Army and tatmadaw broke down with a return to fighting and the forced displacement of civilians. Over the past nineteen months, access to the internally displaced people has been stymied by restrictions on the movement of humanitarian assistance in territory controlled by the KIA. While many local civil society organisations found ways and means to deliver some assistance, it is unsustainable if the basic needs of this population at risk are to be met. While a United Nations humanitarian assistance convoy suffered delays but eventually arrived in Kachin State in mid February 2013, the Myanmar government met with the United Nationalities Federation Council for their second round of talks...
Research Interests: International Relations, Multiculturalism, Development Studies, International Law, Human Rights, and 15 moreInternational organizations, Conflict, Political Science, Nationalism, Diplomacy, International Humanitarian Law, China, Ethnicity, Burma Studies, Minority Rights, Peace, Myanmar, Freedom, Internal Conflicts and Security, and International Organizations
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RSIS Commentary is a platform to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy-relevant commentary and analysis of topical and contemporary issues. The authors’ views are their own and do not represent the official position of the S.... more
RSIS Commentary is a platform to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy-relevant commentary and analysis of topical and contemporary issues. The authors’ views are their own and do not represent the official position of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, NTU. These commentaries may be reproduced with prior permission from RSIS and due recognition to the author(s) and RSIS. Please email to Mr Yang Razali Kassim, Editor RSIS Commentary at RSISPublications@ntu.edu.sg.
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Abstract On September 28, 2018, a series of natural hazards struck the Indonesian province of Central Sulawesi, resulting in unprecedented and widespread damage and loss. This article explores the governance of formal/official disaster... more
Abstract On September 28, 2018, a series of natural hazards struck the Indonesian province of Central Sulawesi, resulting in unprecedented and widespread damage and loss. This article explores the governance of formal/official disaster response in Palu by analyzing themes drawn from desk research, key informant interviews, and field observation. It particularly examines (i) the processes that facilitate or limit the effective coordination of actors, information, and resources during the response, and (ii) the dynamics that promote or hinder inclusive disaster governance using social domains theory. This article aims to present the main challenges, successful practices, broad trends, and significant opportunities to help responders and humanitarians improve cooperation while assisting and protecting vulnerable populations from compound risks and simultaneous disasters. It also seeks to support researchers and policymakers by offering an expanded framework for assessing and improving the governance of future joint disaster responses in Indonesia and Southeast Asia.
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Research Interests: International Relations, Southeast Asian Studies, Humanitarianism, Political Science, International Negotiation, and 15 moreSoutheast Asia, Humanitarian Intervention, Negotiation, International Humanitarian Law, Vietnam, Burma Studies, Burma, Refugees, Myanmar, Pacific, Refugees and Forced Migration Studies, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief, Communication and media Studies, The Pacific, and Indochinese Refugees
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As the Asia-Pacific is the most disaster affected region in the world, there is widespread disruption to the functioning of states and the security and well-being of people. Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief has emerged as an... more
As the Asia-Pacific is the most disaster affected region in the world, there is widespread disruption to the functioning of states and the security and well-being of people. Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief has emerged as an important site of both cooperation and competition in the region as civilian agencies, militaries, international and regional organisations, non-governmental organisations and civil society organisations respond to crises. This chapter seeks to explain the myriad actors involved in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief through the lens of polycentrism that conceptualises security in the Asia-Pacific as having multiple and overlapping frameworks. Through an assessment and mapping exercise, this chapter demonstrates normative competition through a web of security architectures that reveals a greater appreciation of the multiple sites of interaction between state and non-state actors is needed. The interactions around humanitarian assistance and disaster relief lay the groundwork for a more informed understanding of the sometimes cooperative, and at other times competitive, security environment in the Asia-Pacific.
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As more countries become affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to keep in mind vulnerable groups and those already affected by other humanitarian emergencies such as conflicts, disasters and climate change placing them in... more
As more countries become affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to keep in mind vulnerable groups and those already affected by other humanitarian emergencies such as conflicts, disasters and climate change placing them in acutely precarious situations.
Research Interests: Health Sciences, Peace and Conflict Studies, Climate Change, Public Health Law, Disability Studies, and 15 moreCommunity Resilience, Conflict, Disaster risk management, Political Science, Health, Disaster Management, Public Health, Health Policy, Emergency Management, Health Care Management, Health and Social Care, Health Science, Displacement, Pandemic, and coronavirus outbreak
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As the world grapples with the COVID-19 pandemic, the threat of natural hazards still looms large. How will humanitarian response to a major natural hazard be affected during the COVID-19 pandemic? As the monsoon season begins in the... more
As the world grapples with the COVID-19 pandemic, the threat of natural hazards still looms large. How will humanitarian response to a major natural hazard be affected during the COVID-19 pandemic? As the monsoon season begins in the Asia-Pacific, particularly in the South West Pacific and Southeast Asia, this is a scenario that countries face. The overlapping effects of a pandemic and a natural hazard can compound socio-economic vulnerabilities in countries. While the current focus is on managing the COVID-19 pandemic, governments and communities also need to be prepared for concurrent natural hazards. This NTS Insight explores the effects of concurrent pandemic-disaster events, and how they threaten states and societies in the Asia-Pacific. This Insight demonstrates the potential challenges of dual crises on societies and vulnerable populations. It argues that the current situation calls for a broader and deeper localisation of the humanitarian system, one that places human securi...
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Research Interests: Political Science, Indonesian Studies, Energy, Energy Policy, Australia, and 15 moreMalaysia, Indonesia, Energy and Environment, Nuclear Energy, ASEAN, Malaysian Studies, Malaysian Politics, ASEAN Studies, Nuclear Safety, regional integration in ASEAN and EU, Asean Economic Community, ASEAN Plus Three, ASEAN Political Security Community, ASEAN Community, and Sustainability
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Recent reports of reforms in Myanmar have been overwhelmingly positive. However there remain some serious concerns around them. The current conflict in Kachin state is one significant challenge to reform and human security in Myanmar. In... more
Recent reports of reforms in Myanmar have been overwhelmingly positive. However there remain some serious concerns around them. The current conflict in Kachin state is one significant challenge to reform and human security in Myanmar. In June 2011 the 17 year ceasefire between the Kachin Independence Army and tatmadaw broke down with a return to fighting and the forced displacement of civilians. Over the past nineteen months, access to the internally displaced people has been stymied by restrictions on the movement of humanitarian assistance in territory controlled by the KIA. While many local civil society organisations found ways and means to deliver some assistance, it is unsustainable if the basic needs of this population at risk are to be met. While a United Nations humanitarian assistance convoy suffered delays but eventually arrived in Kachin State in mid February 2013, the Myanmar government met with the United Nationalities Federation Council for their second round of talks...
Research Interests: International Relations, Multiculturalism, Development Studies, International Law, Human Rights, and 15 moreInternational organizations, Conflict, Political Science, Nationalism, Diplomacy, International Humanitarian Law, China, Ethnicity, Burma Studies, Minority Rights, Peace, Myanmar, Freedom, Internal Conflicts and Security, and International Organizations
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RSIS Commentary is a platform to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy-relevant commentary and analysis of topical and contemporary issues. The authors’ views are their own and do not represent the official position of the S.... more
RSIS Commentary is a platform to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy-relevant commentary and analysis of topical and contemporary issues. The authors’ views are their own and do not represent the official position of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, NTU. These commentaries may be reproduced with prior permission from RSIS and due recognition to the author(s) and RSIS. Please email to Mr Yang Razali Kassim, Editor RSIS Commentary at RSISPublications@ntu.edu.sg.
Research Interests:
Abstract On September 28, 2018, a series of natural hazards struck the Indonesian province of Central Sulawesi, resulting in unprecedented and widespread damage and loss. This article explores the governance of formal/official disaster... more
Abstract On September 28, 2018, a series of natural hazards struck the Indonesian province of Central Sulawesi, resulting in unprecedented and widespread damage and loss. This article explores the governance of formal/official disaster response in Palu by analyzing themes drawn from desk research, key informant interviews, and field observation. It particularly examines (i) the processes that facilitate or limit the effective coordination of actors, information, and resources during the response, and (ii) the dynamics that promote or hinder inclusive disaster governance using social domains theory. This article aims to present the main challenges, successful practices, broad trends, and significant opportunities to help responders and humanitarians improve cooperation while assisting and protecting vulnerable populations from compound risks and simultaneous disasters. It also seeks to support researchers and policymakers by offering an expanded framework for assessing and improving the governance of future joint disaster responses in Indonesia and Southeast Asia.
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Abstract Over the past two decades there has been increasing international attention to the interactions between Myanmar and China. While China has significant influence in relation to other international actors, there is also significant... more
Abstract Over the past two decades there has been increasing international attention to the interactions between Myanmar and China. While China has significant influence in relation to other international actors, there is also significant calculation by the government in Myanmar in an effort to ensure that no single external actor calls the policy shots. Instead, the policy choices of the government illustrate that they are calculated on a case-by-case basis to respond to emerging security threats and challenges. However, this represents ...
Research Interests: Law, International Relations, Southeast Asian Studies, International Trade, Political Science, and 11 moreChina, China studies, Burma Studies, Multidisciplinary, ASEAN, Yunnan, Myanmar, Social Science Research Network, Public Administration and Policy, Political Economy and History, and China Report
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Aung San Suu Kyi : critic or bridge builder? ...
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ABSTRACT The Asia-Pacific is a dynamic region that is exposed to multiple natural hazards. This article explores how recent developments have influenced the relationship between civilian and military actors in the Asia-Pacific to... more
ABSTRACT The Asia-Pacific is a dynamic region that is exposed to multiple natural hazards. This article explores how recent developments have influenced the relationship between civilian and military actors in the Asia-Pacific to facilitate an improvement in humanitarian civil–military coordination to assist and protect disaster-affected communities. It investigates civilian and military engagement in disaster preparedness and response activities in the Asia-Pacific, and draws on the literature on civil–military relations and technical reports to further conceptualise these. This article analyses the 4Cs of disaster partnering in humanitarian civil–military partnerships in the Asia-Pacific—(1) Coexistence/Communication, (2) Cooperation, (3) Coordination, (4) Collaboration [Martin, E., I. Nolte, and E. Vitolo. 2016. “The Four Cs of Disaster Partnering: Communication, Cooperation, Coordination and Collaboration.” Disasters 40 (4): 621–643]. It argues that the Regional HADR Coordination Centre (RHCC), UN Cluster System, the Regional Consultative Group on Humanitarian Civil–Military Coordination for Asia and the Pacific (RCG), and Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) centric mechanisms are illustrative of different orders of disaster partnering that are best understood as a combination of distinct and sequential activities. Through a clearer conceptualisation of humanitarian civil–military partnerships in the Asia-Pacific, this article aims to provide more informed expectations on what these partnerships may or may not deliver.
Research Interests: Asian Studies, Southeast Asian Studies, Humanitarianism, Political Science, Asia Pacific Region, and 12 moreInternational Humanitarian Law, Humanitarian Emergency Aid, ASEAN, Natural Disasters, Asia Pacific, Public Policy and Administration, Humanitarian, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief, ASEAN Plus Three, Civil Military Relations, ASEAN Community, and Civil Military Cooperation
Research Interests: Humanitarianism, Disaster Studies, Political Science, Disaster Management, Nepal, and 9 moreEmergency Management, Disaster Preparedness, Earthquake, Natural Disasters, Disaster risk reduction, Natural disaster, Humanitarian Aid, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief, and Crisis/disaster Management
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1. Introduction, Jiyoung Song Part I: Undocumented Labour Migration 2. Making Irregular Migrants Insecure in Japan, Sachi Takaya 3. Migration and Human Security of Cambodian Workers in Thailand, Phalla Chea Part II: Refugees, IDPs and... more
1. Introduction, Jiyoung Song Part I: Undocumented Labour Migration 2. Making Irregular Migrants Insecure in Japan, Sachi Takaya 3. Migration and Human Security of Cambodian Workers in Thailand, Phalla Chea Part II: Refugees, IDPs and other Forced Migration 4. China as the 'Protector' of Co-ethnics in Distress: Changing Episodes of Human Security Vulnerabilities over Space and Time, Elaine Lynn-Ee Ho 5. Human Insecurity and Displacement along Myanmar's Borders, Alistair D.B. Cook 6. Displaced Securities: The Prevailing Human [In]Security of Internally Displaced Persons in Mindanao, Philippines, Francis Tom F. Temprosa Part III: Trafficking in Persons 7. Nexus of Insecurity: Human Trafficking in Singapore, Kathryn Baer 8. Trafficking in Persons in Vietnam: the Root Causes and State Responses to Human Security, Huong LeThu Part IV: People Smuggling 9. Complex Human Security in North Korean Irregular Migration, Jiyoung Song 10. Conclusion, Alistair D.B. Cook
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Since the 1950s both Indonesia and Malaysia have contributed to United Nations peace operations across the world to varying degrees. Both states have contributed to regional peace initiatives as well; again to varying degrees and levels... more
Since the 1950s both Indonesia and Malaysia have contributed to United Nations peace operations across the world to varying degrees. Both states have contributed to regional peace initiatives as well; again to varying degrees and levels of success. These regional initiatives are seen through the prism of greater regionalism, which reflects a shift in focus to regional organisations in the pursuit of peace. Furthermore, understanding the motivations and decisions to contribute to peace operations requires a multifocal lens that recognises the various manifestations of this commitment and identifies the salient motivations behind these decisions. This lens illustrates that both competition and cooperation co-exist in the Indonesian and Malaysian decisions to contribute to peace operations in pursuit of increased political legitimacy in the global system.
Research Interests: Peace and Conflict Studies, Political Science, Indonesian Studies, United Nations, Malaysia, and 15 moreIndonesia, Peacekeeping, Peace Studies, Malaysian Studies, Peace, Malaysian Politics, Indonesian Politics, Peace and Conflict Resolution, Malaysia History and Politics, Role of United Nations in Conflict Resolution, Security and Peace Studies, United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, Peace Conflict Studies, Peace and Conflicts Studies, and Malaysia Politics
In April 2012, another territorial dispute broke out in the South China Sea highlighting challenges to regional peace and security in East Asia. While China and the Philippines sought to resolve the Scarborough Shoal dispute peacefully,... more
In April 2012, another territorial dispute broke out in the South China Sea highlighting challenges to regional peace and security in East Asia. While China and the Philippines sought to resolve the Scarborough Shoal dispute peacefully, domestic concerns coupled with greater US involvement in the region illustrated the multifaceted nature of these issues. Future attempts at managing and resolving disputes will need to balance interests between actors at the sub-national, national and international levels.
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While the world's media has centred on the opening up of Myanmar and the removal of sanctions by the West, less attention has been focused on Myanmar's relations with China. Can this relationship be ignored within the context of... more
While the world's media has centred on the opening up of Myanmar and the removal of sanctions by the West, less attention has been focused on Myanmar's relations with China. Can this relationship be ignored within the context of the Sino-American rivalry in the Asia-Pacific? This policy article focuses on the recent evolution of China-Myanmar relations and Chinese interests in and perceptions of Myanmar in transition.
Research Interests: Geography, Asian Studies, Southeast Asian Studies, Political Science, East Asian Studies, and 12 moreNatural Resource Management, China, China Going Global, Environmental Sustainability, China studies, Contemporary China, Burma Studies, Hydro Power, ASEAN, Myanmar, ASEAN Studies, and ASEAN Political Security Community
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Research Interests: Asian Studies, International Relations, International Studies, Human Rights, Political Science, and 15 moreMigration, Democratization, Politics, International Politics, Collective Security, Democracy, ASEAN Secretariat, Burma Studies, Burma, ASEAN, Refugees, Myanmar, Public Policy and Administration, Public Administration and Policy, and Environment
another China book published in 2012, Edward N. Luttwak’s The Rise of China vs. the Logic of Strategy*that sees balancing behaviour as inevitable if a state is becoming strong enough to seek hegemony at the expense of the status quo. But... more
another China book published in 2012, Edward N. Luttwak’s The Rise of China vs. the Logic of Strategy*that sees balancing behaviour as inevitable if a state is becoming strong enough to seek hegemony at the expense of the status quo. But White is no Luttwak, and thankfully so, or this ‘logic’ would have the USA and its allies (including Australia) on the brink of conflict with China. White does not see a coalition of forces forming to constrain China. None of China’s neighbours, White explains, ‘wants to live under China’s thumb, but equally none of them wants to make China an enemy. Above all, they want peace, stability and opportunities to grow’ (83 4). So, rather than defend the status quo to retain US primacy (option one), or withdraw from the scene to allow the new leader to prevail (option two), the idea is for the USA and China to cooperate along the lines of a concert of powers*specifically a ‘Concert of Asia’ that would extend to India and Japan. It is here that the idea of cooperation becomes problematic: it is a cooperation of the strong and powerful. Far more in tune with the times and the interests of less powerful neighbouring countries would be a deepening regionalism as the basis of cooperation. Why privilege powerful states as the actors of most interest? The continued salience of the state as the primary unit of global order*rather than, say, global and regional systems of governance*cannot be guaranteed. In this sense, The China Choice, though published only last year, may well be out of date. The roads to the future may not end at the nation state*or even a concert of strong states. It may also be dated in that the containment of China is no longer an option for the USA, which the author himself recognises when he discusses the failed policy of hedging (29). China has grown too big and interconnected to be treated as a ‘choice’, even an inevitable one. This book is best viewed as a watershed work in the prolific ‘rise of China’ literature*an ‘in-between’ book that hails a new order of a risen China, but does not quite relinquish the habits of the past. These are analytical habits in which power is still predicated by the strong state and its cohorts, whereas future trends point to a more complex architecture of power. Overall, however, Hugh White has delivered on the aims of the book, matching the content to the promise of the cover title. Given the importance of the subject of China-in-the-region as a work in process, the author’s credentials in the academic and policy realms, and his clarity of expression, this work is worthy of serious attention.
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Indonesia's position as a regional champion of democracy and human rights has become prominent in international forums since the resignation of President Suharto in 1998 and the subsequent period... more
Indonesia's position as a regional champion of democracy and human rights has become prominent in international forums since the resignation of President Suharto in 1998 and the subsequent period of internal democratic reform. Its proactive foreign policy culminated in the establishment of the Bali Democracy Forum in 2008 to promote and strengthen democracy and the rule of law in Asia through a process of learning and sharing. While Indonesia's proactive foreign policy continues, significant internal challenges remain. This policy brief offers an insight into one of Indonesia's longest running internal challenges, Papua, and suggests the use of the human security lens as an alternative to the dominant traditional security lens used by many policymakers, in an effort to promote conflict resolution and match developments at home with its proactive strategies abroad.
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It is over six years since the 2005 UN World Summit endorsed the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP), thus recognising an individual state’s responsibility to protect its citizens from four mass atrocities – genocide, war crimes, crimes... more
It is over six years since the 2005 UN World Summit endorsed the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP), thus recognising an individual state’s responsibility to protect its citizens from four mass atrocities – genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing. While the 2005 World Summit Outcome document passed by consensus, regional differences have emerged as individual states and regional organisations sought to translate word into deed. This NTS Perspectives investigates the RtoP’s traction in Asia (focusing on Southeast Asia), identifies key stakeholders in the region and offers pathways forward.
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Southeast Asia as a region has a unique history, and the evolving relationships between its communities, states, regional organisations and the international community reflect this. Given this context, there is a need to better understand... more
Southeast Asia as a region has a unique history, and the evolving relationships between its communities, states, regional organisations and the international community reflect this. Given this context, there is a need to better understand the motivations of the actors in negotiations, to account for the finished agreement and its impact on the region both in the short and long terms. This paper investigates the motivations behind two regional responses in two different periods of time. The first case under investigation is the set of ...
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With changing dynamics between the Rohingya and Rakhine populations and the Tatmadaw (the armed forces of Myanmar), Rakhine State in Myanmar has been in a state of conflict. Most recently, the clash between the Arakan Army and the... more
With changing dynamics between the Rohingya and Rakhine populations and the Tatmadaw (the armed forces of Myanmar), Rakhine State in Myanmar has been in a state of conflict. Most recently, the clash between the Arakan Army and the Tatmadaw saw open conflict erupt on 25 August 2018. These conflicts have resulted in significant loss of lives, livelihoods, and homes with more than 150,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Rakhine State. Some have been living in camps since 2012, and at least 700,000 others in Cox’s Bazaar, the main refugee settlement in Bangladesh. From January to March 2020, the RSIS Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief Programme conducted desk research and key informant interviews to examine the humanitarian challenges in Rakhine State. This report summarises and presents the main challenges and key opportunities that emerged from the study. It offers policy recommendations for developing key ASEAN partnerships that can contribute towards achieving sustainable peace and security in Rakhine State.
Research Interests: Southeast Asian Studies, Peace and Conflict Studies, Conflict, Race and Ethnicity, Southeast Asia, and 15 moreInternational Humanitarian Law, Conflict Resolution, Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), Peace & Conflict Studies, Burma Studies, Ethnicity & Ethnic Conflicts, ASEAN, Refugees, Peace, Peacebuilding, Myanmar, Burma Myanmar, Refugees and Forced Migration Studies, ASEAN Studies, and Security and Peace Studies
This chapter covers the three main drivers of displacement - development, disasters and conflict. It focuses on the largest number of displaced persons in Southeast Asia today, the Rohingya in Bangladesh. It then turns to examine ASEAN's... more
This chapter covers the three main drivers of displacement - development, disasters and conflict. It focuses on the largest number of displaced persons in Southeast Asia today, the Rohingya in Bangladesh. It then turns to examine ASEAN's emerging role as a regional humanitarian actor, not just in times of disasters (natural hazards) but most recently extended to conflict settings (Rohingya and Siege of Marawi), and what this all means in the regional context of Southeast Asia.
Research Interests: Development Studies, Southeast Asian Studies, Peace and Conflict Studies, International Security, Sustainable Development, and 15 moreGovernance, Security Studies, Responsibility to Protect, Human Security, International Cooperation, Disaster Management, Burma Studies, ASEAN, Refugees, Myanmar, National Security, South-south cooperation, Non-Traditional Security, Displacement, and Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief
This edited book aims to introduce and discuss the policy issues and challenges surrounding the development of nuclear power energy in Southeast Asia (SEA). Nuclear energy is poised for substantial growth in a region that is in need of... more
This edited book aims to introduce and discuss the policy issues and challenges surrounding the development of nuclear power energy in Southeast Asia (SEA). Nuclear energy is poised for substantial growth in a region that is in need of more sustainable and clean energy source against the background of rising energy demand and an increasingly narrower power supply and demand gap. However, there are many safety and security risks associated with nuclear power especially so for a region that remains vulnerable to political risks and military conflicts. This book will, therefore, discuss those policy issues and challenges and offers unique insights from the practitioners, industry experts, academics, and policymakers on how the SEA governments could mitigate those risks through good governance.
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Whilst Southeast Asian states have their own individual experiences with both forced migration and terrorism some have significant regional implications. This chapter looks at what the experiences of the region are and how they shape the... more
Whilst Southeast Asian states have their own individual experiences with both forced migration and terrorism some have significant regional implications. This chapter looks at what the experiences of the region are and how they shape the interactions between the states.
Research Interests: International Relations, Terrorism, Refugee Studies, International Security, Migration, and 17 morePolitical Violence and Terrorism, Southeast Asia, Cambodia, Laos (Lao PDR), Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Forced Migration, Migration Studies, Vietnam, Burma Studies, ASEAN, East Timor, Brunei Darussalam, and Myanmar
Myanmar has long held strong connections to both China and India through their shared borders and common history and the resultant flow of peoples, goods, and religion to name a few. Indeed, this is also true of its eastern border with... more
Myanmar has long held strong connections to both China and India through their shared borders and common history and the resultant flow of peoples, goods, and religion to name a few. Indeed, this is also true of its eastern border with Thailand and Laos. However, this chapter focuses on the relations and perceptions of the rise of China and India from the perspective of Myanmar.
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In Asia, and particularly in Southeast and East Asia, the population is rising and as a region it is becoming more technologically advanced. The Southeast Asian regional grouping, the Association of South East Asian Nations, has a total... more
In Asia, and particularly in Southeast and East Asia, the population is rising and as a region it is becoming more technologically advanced. The Southeast Asian regional grouping, the Association of South East Asian Nations, has a total population of slightly over 600 million people, and most of its member states have a higher population growth rate than the Asian average for 2010-2015, raising the number of potential internet users.
Alongside these advancements, the reality is that while the internet has brought many opportunities to facilitate communication between friends, relatives, businesses, and social groups, it has also brought attendant challenges in the form of facilitating global transnational crime. Through the use of online social media, human traffickers are able to supplement their real-time recruitment on the streets and other public places. This chapter investigates this emerging trend and the threat it poses to the Asia-Pacific region.
Alongside these advancements, the reality is that while the internet has brought many opportunities to facilitate communication between friends, relatives, businesses, and social groups, it has also brought attendant challenges in the form of facilitating global transnational crime. Through the use of online social media, human traffickers are able to supplement their real-time recruitment on the streets and other public places. This chapter investigates this emerging trend and the threat it poses to the Asia-Pacific region.
Research Interests: Asian Studies, European Studies, Southeast Asian Studies, Cybercrimes, Security, and 19 moreMigration, Security Studies, Human Trafficking, Southeast Asia, Philippines, Social Media, European Union, International Migration, Forced Migration, Migration Studies, Prostitution & Trafficking, Mobile apps, Crime, United States, Cyber Security, Trafficking on women, Sex Trafficking, Non-Traditional Security, and Trafficking Human Beings
In June 2011, after the ceasefire agreement between the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) and the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Army) dissolved, violence escalated for the first time in seventeen years. This led to the forced displacement of civilians... more
In June 2011, after the ceasefire agreement between the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) and the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Army) dissolved, violence escalated for the first time in seventeen years. This led to the forced displacement of civilians in Kachin state, fleeing from the violence into Northern Shan state and along the China–Myanmar border area. According to KIA sources, 1,640 battles were recorded from 19 June 2011, when the conflict erupted, to 19 July 2012, leading to an estimated 70,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) (Naing 2012). As the first wave of civilians fled their homes, assisted by civil society networks, they found refuge in church compounds and with family members across the state and along its borders. During the first few months, civil society groups or local non-governmental organisations (LNGOs), in the form of church congregations and local foundations, provided much-needed basic humanitarian assistance (shelter, food, water, medical supplies). However, as the conflict continued over the subsequent eighteen months, there were several further waves of displacement with LNGO humanitarian assistance stretched to its limit.
During this time, international awareness of what was happening grew and humanitarian organisations began to mobilise to respond to the crisis. However, recent attempts to provide sustained and adequate humanitarian assistance to those forcibly displaced have, at best, been delayed and, at worst, prevented by perpetrators of the conflict. While the Myanmar government officially invited international actors to provide humanitarian assistance alongside established local actors, the local reality is quite different, for a host of reasons. The political negotiations that have taken place between local, national and international actors concerning the delivery of humanitarian assistance have proved crucial. This chapter focuses on the human consequences of the Kachin conflict. It assesses the social and political challenges of delivering humanitarian assistance to civilians forcibly displaced, including the relevance of international norms on humanitarian assistance, and the question of whether an incremental or functional approach is more appropriate.
During this time, international awareness of what was happening grew and humanitarian organisations began to mobilise to respond to the crisis. However, recent attempts to provide sustained and adequate humanitarian assistance to those forcibly displaced have, at best, been delayed and, at worst, prevented by perpetrators of the conflict. While the Myanmar government officially invited international actors to provide humanitarian assistance alongside established local actors, the local reality is quite different, for a host of reasons. The political negotiations that have taken place between local, national and international actors concerning the delivery of humanitarian assistance have proved crucial. This chapter focuses on the human consequences of the Kachin conflict. It assesses the social and political challenges of delivering humanitarian assistance to civilians forcibly displaced, including the relevance of international norms on humanitarian assistance, and the question of whether an incremental or functional approach is more appropriate.
Research Interests: Religion, Asian Studies, Southeast Asian Studies, Peace and Conflict Studies, International Law, and 27 moreHumanitarianism, Religion and Politics, Law and Society, Conflict, War Studies, Race and Ethnicity, East Asia, Nationalism, United Nations, Southeast Asia, Asia Pacific Region, Nationalism And State Building, International Humanitarian Law, China, Democracy, Military and Politics, China studies, Civil-military relations, Peace Studies, Contemporary China, Southeast Asian Politics, Burma Studies, Civil Society, Myanmar, Society, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief, and Kachin
Since becoming president in March 2013 Xi Jinping often refers to the ‘Chinese Dream’ in his first address to the nation as head of state on 17 March 2013 as having three broad prerequisites for bringing about the "renaissance of the... more
Since becoming president in March 2013 Xi Jinping often refers to the ‘Chinese Dream’ in his first address to the nation as head of state on 17 March 2013 as having three broad prerequisites for bringing about the "renaissance of the Chinese nation", that is, "following the "Chinese road", "developing the China spirit" and "concentrating and crystallizing China's strength". These notions fall alongside President Xi’s focus on building public trust, which signal a continuation of a more populist and nationalistic China. Indeed, the announcement of the Chinese Communist Party’s Leading Small Group on the Protection of Maritime Interests headed by President Xi at the end of 2012 illustrates the importance the new president places on Chinese maritime interests and a coordinated policy-making process. This development signals increased policy emphasis on its maritime borders in the South and East China Sea by the new leadership, with significant implications for regional security and international relations.
While this will be popular with the domestic public, it will not calm international fears that China has abandoned its ‘peaceful rise’ in favour of more aggressive behaviour in the international system. This is a significant foreign policy challenge for the Xi leadership. With the United States’ refocus on the Asia-Pacific region, China will need to regain the confidence of its neighbours if it is to successfully compete with the United States for regional influence. However, what are the opportunities and constraints behind these policy developments? Are there fundamental changes to the structure of Chinese foreign policy decision-making? Do the answers to these questions signal a change in direction for Chinese foreign policy in the South China Sea under Xi Jinping?
While this will be popular with the domestic public, it will not calm international fears that China has abandoned its ‘peaceful rise’ in favour of more aggressive behaviour in the international system. This is a significant foreign policy challenge for the Xi leadership. With the United States’ refocus on the Asia-Pacific region, China will need to regain the confidence of its neighbours if it is to successfully compete with the United States for regional influence. However, what are the opportunities and constraints behind these policy developments? Are there fundamental changes to the structure of Chinese foreign policy decision-making? Do the answers to these questions signal a change in direction for Chinese foreign policy in the South China Sea under Xi Jinping?
Research Interests: Southeast Asian Studies, Maritime History, Philippines, China, China Going Global, and 13 moreVietnam, China studies, Contemporary China, China's foreign policy, ASEAN, Maritime Security, Maritime, South China Sea, The Rise of China, The South China Sea dispute, Scarborough Shoal, ASEAN Political Security Community, and Chinese Dream
As many forced migrants fall both within Myanmar's borders and along them with neighbouring states, international actors operate under the Guiding Principles of Internal Displacement. This chapter examines how international actors help or... more
As many forced migrants fall both within Myanmar's borders and along them with neighbouring states, international actors operate under the Guiding Principles of Internal Displacement. This chapter examines how international actors help or hinder responses to forced migration and human insecurity.
Research Interests: Asian Studies, Southeast Asian Studies, Human Rights Law, Human Rights, Refugee Studies, and 23 moreInternational Human Rights Law, United Nations, Southeast Asia, Thailand, Human Security, Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs), Burma Studies, Burma, Burmese/Myanmar history, ASEAN, Refugees, Northern Thailand, Myanmar, Myanmar/Burma, Burma, Southeast Asia, Politics in Thailand, Burma Myanmar, Refugees and Forced Migration Studies, UNHCR, Burma military, Karen people, political research for democracy and human rights in Burma (Myanmar)., and Rohingya Muslims
Research Interests: Asian Studies, International Relations, Multiculturalism, International Regimes, Globalization, and 18 moreInternational Law, Human Rights, International organizations, International Security, Conflict, Strategic Studies, Security, East Asia, Nationalism, Southeast Asia, Diplomacy, Human Security, Civil-military relations, Ethnicity, Minority Rights, ASEAN, Peace, and Freedom
As the world grapples with the COVID-19 pandemic, the threat of natural hazards still looms large. How will humanitarian response to a major natural hazard be affected during the COVID-19 pandemic? As the monsoon season begins in the... more
As the world grapples with the COVID-19 pandemic, the threat of natural hazards still looms large. How will humanitarian response to a major natural hazard be affected during the COVID-19 pandemic? As the monsoon season begins in the Asia-Pacific, particularly in the South West Pacific and Southeast Asia, this is a scenario that countries face. The overlapping effects of a pandemic and a natural hazard can compound socioeconomic vulnerabilities in countries. While the current focus is on managing the COVID-19 pandemic, governments and communities also need to be prepared for concurrent natural hazards. This NTS Insight explores the effects of concurrent pandemic-disaster events, and how they threaten states and societies in the Asia-Pacific. This Insight demonstrates the potential challenges of dual crises on societies and vulnerable populations. It argues that the current situation calls for a broader and deeper localisation of the humanitarian system, one that places human security as its core organising principle unlike the backseat it currently takes today. To this end, it argues that interregional cooperation can further localisation through the experience of the South West Pacific where human security is articulated as national security and the cooperation in Southeast Asia on disaster response which builds national capacity. With overseas travel and supply chain restrictions severely hampering the movement of relief items and international humanitarian workers, the need to empower and strengthen local humanitarian actors becomes even more pressing.
Research Interests:
As more countries become affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to keep in mind vulnerable groups and those already affected by other humanitarian emergencies such as conflicts, disasters and climate change placing them in... more
As more countries become affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, it is important to keep in mind vulnerable groups and those already affected by other humanitarian emergencies such as conflicts, disasters and climate change placing them in acutely precarious situations.
Research Interests: Health Sciences, Peace and Conflict Studies, Climate Change, Public Health Law, Disability Studies, and 15 moreRefugee Studies, Community Resilience, Conflict, Disaster risk management, Public Health Policy, Health, Disaster Management, Public Health, Health Policy, Emergency Management, Health Care Management, Health and Social Care, Health Science, Displacement, and Coronavirus COVID-19
Over the past two years, Southeast Asia witnessed a series of Simultaneous disasters, to which ASEAN humanitarian response mechanisms were activated. Successive earthquakes affected the Indonesian island of Lombok in July and August... more
Over the past two years, Southeast Asia witnessed a series of
Simultaneous disasters, to which ASEAN humanitarian response mechanisms were activated. Successive earthquakes affected the Indonesian island of Lombok in July and August 2018, with the most severe killing over 400 people and causing over USD 340 million worth of damage. The death toll from the September 2018 Central Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami reached more than 2,000, and damaged more than 68,000 homes.Devastating floods affected the southern
part of Lao PDR’s Attapeu Province in July, with a death toll of 30 and 16,000 displaced. Although the monsoon season brought continuous heavy rains to the area, the tragedy was actually caused by the collapse of a saddle dam of the Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy hydroelectric power project in Attapeu. A year earlier in the Southern Philippines the siege of Marawi
resulted in a human-induced disaster, as did the crisis in Myanmar’s Rahkine State. These natural and human-induced disasters highlight the types of disasters ASEAN mechanisms respond to, which are encapsulated in the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management
and Emergency Response (AADMER) that came into force a decade ago.
With these challenges in mind, the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, and the Pacific Disaster Center co-presented a workshop with the Knowledge and Innovation Working Group of the ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management (ACDM). Titled ‘Achieving the ASEAN 2025 Vision for Disaster Management: Lessons from a Worthy Journey’, the workshop was conducted on 15-16 August 2018 in Singapore. Its overall aim was to draw lessons from the analysis of two key aspects of ASEAN’s experience with Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR): performance/impact and institutionalisation. Workshop participants included representatives from the AHA Centre, ASEAN Secretariat, ACDM Focal Points, Asia-Pacific Economic Community Secretariat, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Changi Regional HADR Coordination
Centre, Royal Thai Armed Forces, Singapore Armed Forces, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA), diplomatic corps, academia, think tanks, donor agencies and non-governmental organisations. This article draws on the workshop
discussions and consolidates them with the authors’ own research to provide potential pathways for achieving the ASEAN Vision 2025 on Disaster Management.
Simultaneous disasters, to which ASEAN humanitarian response mechanisms were activated. Successive earthquakes affected the Indonesian island of Lombok in July and August 2018, with the most severe killing over 400 people and causing over USD 340 million worth of damage. The death toll from the September 2018 Central Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami reached more than 2,000, and damaged more than 68,000 homes.Devastating floods affected the southern
part of Lao PDR’s Attapeu Province in July, with a death toll of 30 and 16,000 displaced. Although the monsoon season brought continuous heavy rains to the area, the tragedy was actually caused by the collapse of a saddle dam of the Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy hydroelectric power project in Attapeu. A year earlier in the Southern Philippines the siege of Marawi
resulted in a human-induced disaster, as did the crisis in Myanmar’s Rahkine State. These natural and human-induced disasters highlight the types of disasters ASEAN mechanisms respond to, which are encapsulated in the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management
and Emergency Response (AADMER) that came into force a decade ago.
With these challenges in mind, the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang Technological University, and the Pacific Disaster Center co-presented a workshop with the Knowledge and Innovation Working Group of the ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management (ACDM). Titled ‘Achieving the ASEAN 2025 Vision for Disaster Management: Lessons from a Worthy Journey’, the workshop was conducted on 15-16 August 2018 in Singapore. Its overall aim was to draw lessons from the analysis of two key aspects of ASEAN’s experience with Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR): performance/impact and institutionalisation. Workshop participants included representatives from the AHA Centre, ASEAN Secretariat, ACDM Focal Points, Asia-Pacific Economic Community Secretariat, Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, Changi Regional HADR Coordination
Centre, Royal Thai Armed Forces, Singapore Armed Forces, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA), diplomatic corps, academia, think tanks, donor agencies and non-governmental organisations. This article draws on the workshop
discussions and consolidates them with the authors’ own research to provide potential pathways for achieving the ASEAN Vision 2025 on Disaster Management.
Research Interests:
The exposure to natural hazards has prompted Bangladesh to institutionalize disaster management and coordination. This report examines Bangladesh’s established disaster management structures and the role of key actors through reviewing... more
The exposure to natural hazards has prompted Bangladesh to institutionalize disaster management and coordination. This report examines Bangladesh’s established disaster management structures and the role of key actors through reviewing existing literature from international organisations, academia, and think tanks, followed by interviews with key disaster management stakeholders in Bangladesh from the end of February to the beginning of March 2018. In analysing the response to the 2017 Rohingya Exodus, this report aims to identify lessons learnt and factors which may impede effective disaster management and coordination between different actors with some operating outside their traditional mandated area of natural hazards to govern a complex humanitarian emergency.
Research Interests:
The S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) and the ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on disaster management (AHA Centre), held a policy discussion on the World Humanitarian Summit (WHS) – Implications for... more
The S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) and the ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on disaster management (AHA Centre), held a policy discussion on the World Humanitarian Summit (WHS) – Implications for the Asia-Pacific in Jakarta on Monday 14 November 2016. The policy discussion brought together some 40 experts, all attending in their personal capacities. The policy discussion focused on the outcomes of the World Humanitarian Summit, the ASEAN Vision 2025 on Disaster Management, frameworks for action, stakeholder engagement and strategic priorities. The event was part of the Commemoration to Life: Journey of Partnership and Progress – Fifth anniversary of the AHA Centre in Jakarta. By examining the strengths, challenges and future of the humanitarian system in the Asia-Pacific, this volume offers insights from scholars and practitioners into the debate on reforming the humanitarian system developed at the World Humanitarian Summit in 2016 and the implications for the region.
List of Contributors
Understanding gaps and opportunities in ASEAN humanitarian systems
Jonatan A. Lassa
Decision Support Framework for Location Selection and Disaster Relief Network Design – A Pilot Study on Indonesia
Timperio, G. B. Panchal, R. de Souza, I. Figgins, and D. Adriaens
Civilian protection in the context of disaster planning and response
Cecilia Jacob
Promoting an ASEAN approach to disaster management
Jessica Ear and Deon V. Canyon
Disaster Management and A More Resilient ASEAN: Imperatives for a Seamless Collaboration among ASEAN’s Three-pillared Communities
Mely Caballero-Anthony
Developing an Asia-Pacific Strategy for HADR
Alistair D. B. Cook
List of Contributors
Understanding gaps and opportunities in ASEAN humanitarian systems
Jonatan A. Lassa
Decision Support Framework for Location Selection and Disaster Relief Network Design – A Pilot Study on Indonesia
Timperio, G. B. Panchal, R. de Souza, I. Figgins, and D. Adriaens
Civilian protection in the context of disaster planning and response
Cecilia Jacob
Promoting an ASEAN approach to disaster management
Jessica Ear and Deon V. Canyon
Disaster Management and A More Resilient ASEAN: Imperatives for a Seamless Collaboration among ASEAN’s Three-pillared Communities
Mely Caballero-Anthony
Developing an Asia-Pacific Strategy for HADR
Alistair D. B. Cook
Research Interests:
The Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response (HADR) research team at the NTS Centre, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) studied the international response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake to understand the dimensions... more
The Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response (HADR) research team at the NTS Centre, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS) studied the international response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake to understand the dimensions and scope of the international response and to distill field observations from this particular experience. The research revealed that most international responders and parties in Nepal, who were beneficiaries of the response, considered immediate search and rescue, and relief operations a success. There was however a number of lessons which emerged from the experience for both the affected country as well as international responding parties. Through a primary focus on the immediate relief phase following the disaster, this report identifies four themes: (i) Strategic Planning; (ii) Aid Delivery; (iii) Aid Provision; and (iv) Aid Distribution. The following recommendations from the research on Nepal is to ensure greater effectiveness and efficiency for future HADR responses. While this research assessed a relatively small but critical window, and some of the lessons were context specific, it is hoped the recommendations which have emerged will help make future international humanitarian assistance and disaster response more effective.
Research Interests:
This Alert examines the role of intergovernmental and non-governmental stakeholders in promoting human security in Cambodia through transitional justice. It maps out the relations between and among the different actors and how these... more
This Alert examines the role of intergovernmental and non-governmental stakeholders in promoting human security in Cambodia through transitional justice. It maps out the relations between and among the different actors and how these relations have affected and will continue to affect the realisation of human security in Cambodia.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Recent events surrounding the Special Autonomy status of Papua in Indonesia have caught the eye of the international media and engaged public opinion. In particular, the protests in Jayapura in early July 2010 illustrated community... more
Recent events surrounding the Special Autonomy status of Papua in Indonesia have caught the eye of the international media and engaged public opinion. In particular, the protests in Jayapura in early July 2010 illustrated community tensions in Papua. This paper attempts to carve through the economic and political issues surrounding these events to analyse and evaluate the economic and political challenges in Papua, and thus provide an assessment on the prospects for conflict resolution.
Research Interests:
Indonesia's position as a regional champion of democracy and human rights has become prominent in international forums since the resignation of President Suharto in 1998 and the subsequent period of internal democratic reform. Its... more
Indonesia's position as a regional champion of democracy and human rights has become prominent in international forums since the resignation of President Suharto in 1998 and the subsequent period of internal democratic reform. Its proactive foreign policy culminated in the establishment of the Bali Democracy Forum in 2008 to promote and strengthen democracy and the rule of law in Asia through a process of learning and sharing. While Indonesia's proactive foreign policy continues, significant internal challenges remain. This policy brief offers an insight into one of Indonesia's longest running internal challenges, Papua, and suggests the use of the human security lens as an alternative to the dominant traditional security lens used by many policymakers, in an effort to promote conflict resolution and match developments at home with its proactive strategies abroad.
Research Interests:
It is over six years since the 2005 UN World Summit endorsed the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP), thus recognising an individual state's responsibility to protect its citizens from four mass atrocities – genocide, war crimes, crimes... more
It is over six years since the 2005 UN World Summit endorsed the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP), thus recognising an individual state's responsibility to protect its citizens from four mass atrocities – genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing. While the 2005 World Summit Outcome document passed by consensus, regional differences have emerged as individual states and regional organisations sought to translate word into deed. This NTS Perspectives investigates the RtoP's traction in Asia (focusing on Southeast Asia), identifies key stakeholders in the region and offers pathways forward.
Research Interests:
For a long time, sending countries have been the focus of efforts to combat trafficking in persons (TIP). However, in recent years, destination countries such as Singapore have also stepped up their efforts. This is timely because... more
For a long time, sending countries have been the focus of efforts to combat trafficking in persons (TIP). However, in recent years, destination countries such as Singapore have also stepped up their efforts. This is timely because improved recognition and management of the threat and challenges of TIP will do much to prevent the abuse and commercial exploitation of adults and children. This NTS Alert discusses the TIP phenomenon, focusing on Singapore and the significant new developments in Singapore’s policies on the issue. In particular, it highlights the establishment of Singapore’s Inter-Agency Taskforce on TIP and the development of its National Plan of Action.
Research Interests:
The recent International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers (Domestic Workers Convention 2011) offers an opportunity to finally address the longstanding issue of the protection of the human... more
The recent International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers (Domestic Workers Convention 2011) offers an opportunity to finally address the longstanding issue of the protection of the human and labour rights of migrant domestic workers. This NTS Insight evaluates the responses of four Southeast Asian states – Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia and Singapore – to the Convention. It highlights continuing differences between labour sending and labour receiving countries in terms of their responses, and suggests that ASEAN could play a significant role in bridging that gap and promoting the adoption of universal standards and practices.
Research Interests: International Relations, Southeast Asian Studies, United Nations, Southeast Asia, Malaysia, and 8 moreIndonesia, Philippines, Singapore, International Organizations (International Studies), ASEAN, Singapore Politics, Globalization and Gender, Labor market regulation and workers’ rights, Empowerment and inequality, Social and welfare policy, and ASEAN Studies
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Iskandar Malaysia, a major economic zone in the southern part of Malaysia, is experiencing meteoric growth. Given that the zone lies along the Straits of Johor, how will the increasing industrialisation and urbanisation seen in the area... more
Iskandar Malaysia, a major economic zone in the southern part of Malaysia, is experiencing meteoric growth. Given that the zone lies along the Straits of Johor, how will the increasing industrialisation and urbanisation seen in the area affect the marine and coastal environment? Also, what are the implications of this growth for Singapore, whose northern coast lies on the other side of the Straits? This NTS Insight investigates these questions and suggests ways to mitigate the potential impacts of developments in Iskandar Malaysia on Singapore’s marine and coastal environment.
Research Interests:
Iskandar Malaysia, a major economic zone in the southern part of Malaysia, is experiencing meteoric growth. Given that the zone lies along the Straits of Johor, how will the increasing industrialisation and urbanisation seen in the area... more
Iskandar Malaysia, a major economic zone in the southern part of Malaysia, is experiencing meteoric growth. Given that the zone lies along the Straits of Johor, how will the increasing industrialisation and urbanisation seen in the area affect the marine and coastal environment? Also, what are the implications of this growth for Singapore, whose northern coast lies on the other side of the Straits? This NTS Insight investigates these questions and suggests ways to mitigate the potential impacts of developments in Iskandar Malaysia on Singapore’s marine and coastal environment.
Research Interests:
The NTS Report series documents investigations into current and emerging non-traditional security issues drawing on extensive research in the region to comprehensively inform key policy debates. NTS Report No. 1 is authored by Mely... more
The NTS Report series documents investigations into current and emerging non-traditional security issues drawing on extensive research in the region to comprehensively inform key policy debates. NTS Report No. 1 is authored by Mely Caballero-Anthony, Alistair D. B. Cook, Julius Cesar Imperial Trajano, Margareth Sembiring.
Research Interests: Indonesian Studies, Energy, Energy Policy, Australia, Malaysia, and 14 moreIndonesia, Energy and Environment, Vietnam, Nuclear Energy, ASEAN, Malaysian Studies, Malaysian Politics, ASEAN Studies, Nuclear Safety, regional integration in ASEAN and EU, Asean Economic Community, ASEAN Plus Three, ASEAN Political Security Community, and ASEAN Community
Political and economic shifts create a range of opportunities for developing countries in a state of transition. Restrictions to doing business, both international and domestic, are often relaxed, economic and financial reforms can oil... more
Political and economic shifts create a range of opportunities for
developing countries in a state of transition. Restrictions to doing business, both international and domestic, are often relaxed, economic and financial reforms can oil the wheels of commerce, and the comparative advantages present within the country regularly take on new value. When such shifts occur in countries with advantageous locations, strong resource endowments and high ceilings for growth, these countries can rapidly attract new investment opportunities and attention from international public and private sector actors alike. This policy paper looks at the principles and engagement behind environmental management. The chapter is edited by Mely Caballero-Anthony; and the contributors are J. Jackson Ewing, Alistair D.B. Cook and P.K. Hangzo
developing countries in a state of transition. Restrictions to doing business, both international and domestic, are often relaxed, economic and financial reforms can oil the wheels of commerce, and the comparative advantages present within the country regularly take on new value. When such shifts occur in countries with advantageous locations, strong resource endowments and high ceilings for growth, these countries can rapidly attract new investment opportunities and attention from international public and private sector actors alike. This policy paper looks at the principles and engagement behind environmental management. The chapter is edited by Mely Caballero-Anthony; and the contributors are J. Jackson Ewing, Alistair D.B. Cook and P.K. Hangzo
Research Interests: Economics, Development Economics, Development Studies, Southeast Asian Studies, Peace and Conflict Studies, and 15 moreEnvironmental Law, International Law, International Development, Environmental Studies, Community Engagement & Participation, Community Development, Sustainable Development, Environmental Management, Foreign Direct Investment, Natural Resource Management, Environmental Sustainability, Burma Studies, Alternative Dispute Resolution, Myanmar, and Principles of Management
While the world's media has centred on the opening up of Myanmar and the removal of sanctions by the West, less attention has been focused on Myanmar's relations with China. Can this relationship be ignored within the context of the... more
While the world's media has centred on the opening up of Myanmar and the removal of sanctions by the West, less attention has been focused on Myanmar's relations with China. Can this relationship be ignored within the context of the Sino-American rivalry in the Asia-Pacific? This policy article focuses on the recent evolution of China-Myanmar relations and Chinese interests in and perceptions of Myanmar in transition.
Research Interests: Asian Studies, Southeast Asian Studies, East Asian Studies, Natural Resource Management, China, and 11 moreChina Going Global, Environmental Sustainability, China studies, Contemporary China, Burma Studies, Hydro Power, China's foreign policy, ASEAN, Myanmar, ASEAN Studies, and ASEAN Political Security Community
Progress on regional cooperation in Southeast Asia is often punctuated by decades rather than years. The exposure of the wider Asia-Pacific to natural hazards renders it the world’s most disaster prone. Since the Indian Ocean earthquake... more
Progress on regional cooperation in Southeast Asia is often punctuated by decades rather than years. The exposure of the wider Asia-Pacific to natural hazards renders it the world’s most disaster prone. Since the Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in 2004, there have been three significant broad trends that have shaped humanitarian diplomacy, namely ASEAN as a platform for engagement, sectoral approaches and a diversifying multi-stakeholder environment creating a multi-level regionalism in Southeast Asia. States and societies in Southeast Asia have demonstrated a commitment to building humanitarian capacity which is often termed ‘nationally led, regionally supported and international as necessary’ so that they can lead response to natural hazards. The experience of natural hazards offers an important reference for humanitarian work in other areas, notably health emergencies and conflict settings. However, the localization of the global humanitarian system beyond the regional and national levels to local communities remains far from certain, and progress made in this arena may yet come undone without sustained and substantive political commitment from ASEAN member states.
Research Interests: Southeast Asian Studies, Humanitarianism, Disaster risk management, Crisis communication and management, Southeast Asia, and 15 moreInternational Humanitarian Law, Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management, Risk and Vulnerability - Natural Hazards, Emergency Management, Southeast Asian Politics, Humanitarian Emergency Aid, ASEAN, Disasters, Disaster, Humanitarian, ASEAN Studies, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief, Diplomacy and international relations, and Risk and crisis management
The Southwest Pacific is considered one of the most vulnerable regions in the world to natural hazards. Five of the Pacific Island States (PIS) rank among the top 20 most-at risk countries in the World Risk Index, with Vanuatu and Tonga... more
The Southwest Pacific is considered one of the most vulnerable regions in the world to natural hazards. Five of the Pacific Island States (PIS) rank among the top 20 most-at risk countries in the World Risk Index, with Vanuatu and Tonga ranking first and second respectively. The Southwest Pacific neighbours Southeast Asia and both regions are exposed to a variety of natural hazards, resulting in significant damage and loss of lives annually. Similar exposure to climate-induced hazards raises the potential to create a coalition of affected states from the Asia-Pacific to share knowledge of disaster governance in areas where niche capabilities have been developed and shape the global debate on the effects of natural hazards and climate-induced disasters. This article argues that interregional partnership on disaster governance is the next step in the Asia-Pacific to respond to a collective action problem affecting two sub-regions-Southeast Asia and the Southwest Pacific. Through the conduct of desk research and interviews, this article first presents findings and observations on the disaster governance landscape and future developments in the Pacific. It then discusses disaster management frameworks and initiatives that ASEAN has institutionalised, and how work in the two sub-regions can complement one another and provide a platform to help shape the global agenda on disaster governance and climate change.
Research Interests: Southeast Asian Studies, Climate Change, Pacific Island Studies, Humanitarianism, Disaster Studies, and 15 moreGlobal Governance, Climate change policy, Disaster risk management, Governance, Asia Pacific Region, Regionalism, Disaster Management, Southeast Asian Politics, ASEAN, Natural Disasters, Good Governance, Disasters, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief, Governance and State Capacity, and Crisis/disaster Management
The Asia-Pacific is a dynamic region that is exposed to multiple natural hazards. This article explores how recent developments have influenced the relationship between civilian and military actors in the Asia-Pacific to facilitate an... more
The Asia-Pacific is a dynamic region that is exposed to multiple natural hazards. This article explores how recent developments have influenced the relationship between civilian and military actors in the Asia-Pacific to facilitate an improvement in humanitarian civil–military coordination to assist and protect disaster-affected communities. It investigates civilian and military engagement in disaster preparedness and response activities in the Asia-Pacific, and draws on the literature on civil–military relations and technical reports to further conceptualise these. This article analyses the 4Cs of disaster partnering in humanitarian civil–military partnerships in the Asia-Pacific—(1) Coexistence/Communication, (2) Cooperation, (3) Coordination, (4) Collaboration [Martin, E., I. Nolte, and E. Vitolo. 2016. “The Four Cs of Disaster Partnering: Communication, Cooperation, Coordination and Collaboration.” Disasters 40 (4): 621–643]. It argues that the Regional HADR Coordination Centre (RHCC), UN Cluster System, the Regional Consultative Group on Humanitarian Civil–Military Coordination for Asia and the Pacific (RCG), and Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) centric mechanisms are illustrative of different orders of disaster partnering that are best understood as a combination of distinct and sequential activities. Through a clearer conceptualisation of humanitarian civil–military partnerships in the Asia-Pacific, this article aims to provide more informed expectations on what these partnerships may or may not deliver.
Research Interests: Asian Studies, Southeast Asian Studies, Humanitarianism, Asia Pacific Region, International Humanitarian Law, and 10 moreCivil-military relations, Humanitarian Emergency Aid, ASEAN, Natural Disasters, Civil-Military cooperation, Humanitarian, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief, ASEAN Plus Three, Asia/Pacific, and ASEAN Community
South-East Asia is home to both conflict and ‘natural’ disasters which have caused significant displaced populations. Given this context, there is a need to better understand the motivations of the multiple actors involved in negotiating... more
South-East Asia is home to both conflict and ‘natural’ disasters which have caused significant displaced populations. Given this context, there is a need to better understand the motivations of the multiple actors involved in negotiating humanitarian responses, and to account for the impact the finished agreement has on the region both in the short and long terms. This article investigates the motivations behind two humanitarian responses in South-East Asia. The first case is the set of humanitarian responses to the Indochinese exodus in the 1970s and 1980s. The second case is the humanitarian response to those affected by Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar during the late 2000s and early 2010. Both of these agreements have been held up as historic and ground breaking achievements within the international relations of South-East Asia. This article assesses these agreements to identify the multiple levels of governance involved and the individual actors’ motivations behind them. It argues that greater appreciation of these dynamics will contribute to understanding the governance of humanitarian responses to populations of concern in South-East Asia. This will be important to consider as new crises emerge that demand new negotiations within a crowded field of actors governing humanitarian responses in the region.
Research Interests:
The international response to the two earthquakes that struck Nepal on 25th April and 12th May 2015 was one of the biggest humanitarian and disaster response operations for the year and in the recent past. Altogether close to 70 countries... more
The international response to the two earthquakes that struck Nepal on 25th April and 12th May 2015 was one of the biggest humanitarian and disaster response operations for the year and in the recent past. Altogether close to 70 countries responded to the official request for assistance; 34 countries responded physically with personnel in addition to the aid sent; and 17 countries also sent their respective military teams to assist in the immediate search and rescue phase. Research and fieldwork revealed that international response in the immediate search and rescue, and relief operations was considered a success but challenges were identified in four key areas: (i) Strategic Planning; (ii) Aid Delivery; (iii) Aid Provision; and (iv) Aid Distribution. The challenges identified include but are not limited to a need to: build trust between stakeholders outside of emergency response setting; development of an aid registry system; systematically monitor national policy developments; and connect international and national relief NGO networks. By highlighting these, this research seeks to contribute to inform future international humanitarian assistance and disaster responses.
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South-East Asia is home to both conflict and ‘natural’ disasters which have caused significant displaced populations. Given this context, there is a need to better understand the motivations of the multiple actors involved in negotiating... more
South-East Asia is home to both conflict and ‘natural’ disasters which have caused significant displaced populations. Given this context, there is a need to better understand the motivations of the multiple actors involved in negotiating humanitarian responses, and to account for the impact the finished agreement has on the region both in the short and long terms. This article investigates the motivations behind two humanitarian responses in South-East Asia. The first case is the set of humanitarian responses to the Indochinese exodus in the 1970s and 1980s. The second case is the humanitarian response to those affected by Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar during the late 2000s and early 2010. Both of these agreements have been held up as historic and ground breaking achievements within the international relations of South-East Asia. This article assesses these agreements to identify the multiple levels of governance involved and the individual actors’ motivations behind them. It argues that greater appreciation of these dynamics will contribute to understanding the governance of humanitarian responses to populations of concern in South-East Asia. This will be important to consider as new crises emerge that demand new negotiations within a crowded field of actors governing humanitarian responses in the region.
Research Interests: International Relations, Southeast Asian Studies, Humanitarianism, International Negotiation, Southeast Asia, and 10 moreHumanitarian Intervention, Negotiation, International Humanitarian Law, Burma Studies, Burma, Refugees, Myanmar, Refugees and Forced Migration Studies, Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief, and Indochinese Refugees
Recent challenges have tested the approaches of both the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the European Union (EU) to adequately respond to forced migration in Myanmar. This article provides a comparison between the... more
Recent challenges have tested the approaches of both the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the European Union (EU) to adequately respond to forced migration in Myanmar. This article provides a comparison between the European sanctions regime and ASEAN's ‘constructive engagement’ with Myanmar. In the aftermath of Cyclone Nargis, it is ASEAN, along with the United Nations (UN), that has offered an effective mechanism to access populations of concern in Myanmar. This article draws on the experience of the UN High Commission for Refugees on the western border and argues that while the new ASEAN-UN-led mechanism offers a new way to assist people in the delta region, this access is contingent on three constraints: maintenance of personal relations with military decision-makers, continuation of an ASEAN-UN-led mechanism and ongoing funding from donor nations.
Keywords: Burma; Myanmar; human rights; EU-ASEAN; UNHCR; Tripartite Core Group.
Keywords: Burma; Myanmar; human rights; EU-ASEAN; UNHCR; Tripartite Core Group.
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It is nearly five years since the 2005 United Nations World Summit was held in New York when the responsibility to protect was agreed to in paragraphs 138 and 139 of the World Outcome Document. These paragraphs outlined the responsibility... more
It is nearly five years since the 2005 United Nations World Summit was held in New York when the responsibility to protect was agreed to in paragraphs 138 and 139 of the World Outcome Document. These paragraphs outlined the responsibility to protect and placed an emphasis on an individual state’s responsibility to protect its citizens from four mass atrocities – genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing. However, should a state need assistance to develop its capacity then it is the responsibility of the international community to assist states to prevent these four crimes; and, should a state be unable or unwilling to accept responsibility, then the international community bears the responsibility to act to prevent these mass atrocities, through all non-violent means, and as a last resort, the use of force. While the World Outcome Document passed by consensus, regional differences have emerged as individual states and regional organisations have sought to translate word into deed. This paper investigates and evaluates whether the responsibility to protect receives resistance in transitioning from consensual acceptance at the United Nations into an accepted local or regional norm in Southeast Asia.
Research Interests:
Research Interests:
Southeast Asia is home to many diverse cultures across and within national borders. The vast majority of these borders evolved out of those created during the colonial period in the region. While the Westphalian state system was imposed... more
Southeast Asia is home to many diverse cultures across and within national borders. The vast majority of these borders evolved out of those created during the colonial period in the region. While the Westphalian state system was imposed in the region, the post-independence period has illustrated traditional understandings of sovereignty are rhetorically prevalent in Southeast Asia. This is noticeable in the 1976 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, which was a founding document of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). This treaty bound its signatories not to interfere in another’s domestic affairs yet there remain several high profile interventions which have trumped the noninterference norm – what explains this? Examples range from the 1975 Indonesian invasion of East Timor to the 1978 Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, and to a more contemporary example of ASEAN member states’ participation in United Nations peace operations in East Timor from the early 2000s onwards.
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Over the past two decades there has been increasing international attention to the interactions between Myanmar and China. While China has significant influence in relation to other international actors, there is also significant... more
Over the past two decades there has been increasing international attention to the interactions between Myanmar and China. While China has significant influence in relation to other international actors, there is also significant calculation by the government in Myanmar in an effort to ensure that no single external actor calls the policy shots. Instead, the policy choices of the government illustrate that they are calculated on a case-by-case basis to respond to emerging security threats and challenges. However, this represents only a partial truth because there are myriad actors competing for legitimacy in Myanmar which also have various relationships with external actors. Indeed, to fully understand the relationship between Myanmar and China a multifocal lens is required to appreciate the nuances and tensions within Myanmar and their effects on its overarching relationship with China. Furthermore, this lens must also be applied to China, as it too has multiple levels of engagement with Myanmar at both formal and informal levels to varying degrees. This article analyses this complex web of interactions to provide insight into the various agendas, strategies and challenges at play in the relationship between Myanmar and China.
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Since the 1950s both Indonesia and Malaysia have contributed to United Nations peace operations across the world to varying degrees. Both states have contributed to regional peace initiatives as well; again to varying degrees and levels... more
Since the 1950s both Indonesia and Malaysia have contributed to United Nations peace operations across the world to varying degrees. Both states have contributed to regional peace initiatives as well; again to varying degrees and levels of success. These regional initiatives are seen through the prism of greater regionalism, which reflects a shift in focus to regional organisations in the pursuit of peace. Furthermore, understanding the motivations and decisions to contribute to peace operations requires a multifocal lens that recognises the various manifestations of this commitment and identifies the salient motivations behind these decisions. This lens illustrates that both competition and cooperation co-exist in the Indonesian and Malaysian decisions to contribute to peace operations in pursuit of increased political legitimacy in the global system.